{ "schema_version": "1.0", "schema_url": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/api/schema.json#graph", "dataset_version": "2026-09-16.4e813a14fb13", "sha256": "4e813a14fb1326c37d6741f33984b56cc9b5789500ca81455eb4cd5630020fb4", "sha256_scope": [ "/nodes", "/edges" ], "sha256_serialization": "RFC 8785 JSON Canonicalization Scheme (JCS) over an object containing only the top-level response members named by sha256_scope; UTF-8", "site": "Bitcoin Library (ビットコイン図書館)", "site_url": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp", "content_last_updated": "2026-09-16", "node_count": 1030, "edge_count": 1502, "node_types": [ "topic", "section", "bip", "source", "figure" ], "edge_types": [ "has_section", "requires", "related_to", "leads_to", "cites", "defined_by", "illustrated_by" ], "coverage_note": "This is a typed navigation and citation graph. Article-to-source edges represent article-level citations, not a claim that every source supports every sentence.", "nodes": [ { "id": "topic:computing-hardware", "type": "topic", "slug": "computing-hardware", "label": { "ja": "コンピューターハードウェアの歴史 — CPU・GPU・FPGA・ASIC", "en": "Computing Hardware: From von Neumann to the CPU, GPU, FPGA, and ASIC" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-hardware", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-hardware" }, "category": "distributed", "level": "beginner", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "section:computing-hardware:scope", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-hardware", "section_id": "scope", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "計算機史を一本の進化線にしない", "en": "Computing history is not one upgrade path" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-hardware#scope", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-hardware#scope" } }, { "id": "section:computing-hardware:stored-program", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-hardware", "section_id": "stored-program", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "EDVACとフォン・ノイマン — 文書の著者と発明の共同史", "en": "EDVAC and von Neumann: authorship versus a shared invention history" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-hardware#stored-program", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-hardware#stored-program" } }, { "id": "section:computing-hardware:switches-to-silicon", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-hardware", "section_id": "switches-to-silicon", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "真空管からトランジスタ、集積回路、MOSへ", "en": "From vacuum tubes to transistors, integrated circuits, and MOS" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-hardware#switches-to-silicon", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-hardware#switches-to-silicon" } }, { "id": "section:computing-hardware:microprocessor-isa", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-hardware", "section_id": "microprocessor-isa", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "マイクロプロセッサ — CPUを一つのチップへ、ソフトウェアを世代へ", "en": "The microprocessor: putting a CPU on a chip, and carrying software across generations" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-hardware#microprocessor-isa", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-hardware#microprocessor-isa" } }, { "id": "section:computing-hardware:memory-parallelism", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-hardware", "section_id": "memory-parallelism", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "演算器だけでは速くならない — メモリ、データの移動、並列性", "en": "Compute units are not enough: memory, data movement, and parallelism" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-hardware#memory-parallelism", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-hardware#memory-parallelism" } }, { "id": "section:computing-hardware:gpu", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-hardware", "section_id": "gpu", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "GPU — グラフィックスパイプラインから汎用並列計算へ", "en": "The GPU: from graphics pipelines to general-purpose parallel computing" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-hardware#gpu", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-hardware#gpu" } }, { "id": "section:computing-hardware:fpga-asic", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-hardware", "section_id": "fpga-asic", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "FPGAとASIC — 書き換えられる回路、固定する回路", "en": "FPGA and ASIC: reconfiguring a circuit or fixing it in place" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-hardware#fpga-asic", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-hardware#fpga-asic" } }, { "id": "section:computing-hardware:cell-broadband-engine", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-hardware", "section_id": "cell-broadband-engine", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "Cell Broadband Engine — PS3を科学のアクセラレータへ変えた異種混在マルチコア", "en": "Cell Broadband Engine: the heterogeneous multicore that turned PS3s into science accelerators" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-hardware#cell-broadband-engine", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-hardware#cell-broadband-engine" } }, { "id": "section:computing-hardware:boinc-hardware", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-hardware", "section_id": "boinc-hardware", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "BOINC — 異種のハードウェアを消さずに束ねる", "en": "BOINC: coordinating mixed hardware without flattening the differences" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-hardware#boinc-hardware", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-hardware#boinc-hardware" } }, { "id": "section:computing-hardware:bitcoin-hardware", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-hardware", "section_id": "bitcoin-hardware", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "ビットコインのマイニング — CPUから専用のSHA-256パイプラインへ", "en": "Bitcoin mining: from CPUs to dedicated SHA-256 pipelines" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-hardware#bitcoin-hardware", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-hardware#bitcoin-hardware" } }, { "id": "section:computing-hardware:boinc-bitcoin-boundary", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-hardware", "section_id": "boinc-bitcoin-boundary", "order": 11, "label": { "ja": "同じシリコン、異なる仕事と検証", "en": "Shared silicon, different work and different validation" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-hardware#boinc-bitcoin-boundary", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-hardware#boinc-bitcoin-boundary" } }, { "id": "section:computing-hardware:industry", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-hardware", "section_id": "industry", "order": 12, "label": { "ja": "一枚のチップの背後にある企業と供給網", "en": "The companies and the supply chain behind one chip" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-hardware#industry", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-hardware#industry" } }, { "id": "section:computing-hardware:energy-evidence", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-hardware", "section_id": "energy-evidence", "order": 13, "label": { "ja": "効率・電力・環境負荷は境界を明記する", "en": "Efficiency, electricity, and environmental claims need boundaries" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-hardware#energy-evidence", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-hardware#energy-evidence" } }, { "id": "section:computing-hardware:museum-method", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-hardware", "section_id": "museum-method", "order": 14, "label": { "ja": "コンピューター歴史博物館としての読み方", "en": "How a computer history museum should read the evidence" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-hardware#museum-method", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-hardware#museum-method" } }, { "id": "topic:supercomputing", "type": "topic", "slug": "supercomputing", "label": { "ja": "スーパーコンピュータの歴史と役割 — 5年後・10年後の計算基盤", "en": "Supercomputing: Its History, Role, and the Next Five and Ten Years" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supercomputing", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing" }, "category": "distributed", "level": "beginner", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-24" }, { "id": "section:supercomputing:evidence-layers", "type": "section", "slug": "supercomputing", "section_id": "evidence-layers", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "最初に分ける — 史実、現在値、公式計画、編集部シナリオ", "en": "Separate history, current measurements, official plans, and scenarios" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supercomputing#evidence-layers", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing#evidence-layers" } }, { "id": "section:supercomputing:what-is-hpc", "type": "section", "slug": "supercomputing", "section_id": "what-is-hpc", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "スーパーコンピュータは「巨大なPC」ではない", "en": "A supercomputer is not just a very large PC" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supercomputing#what-is-hpc", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing#what-is-hpc" } }, { "id": "section:supercomputing:eniac-cdc", "type": "section", "slug": "supercomputing", "section_id": "eniac-cdc", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "ENIACからCDC 6600へ — 電子計算と仕事の分担", "en": "From ENIAC to the CDC 6600: electronic calculation and a division of labor" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supercomputing#eniac-cdc", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing#eniac-cdc" } }, { "id": "section:supercomputing:vector-era", "type": "section", "slug": "supercomputing", "section_id": "vector-era", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "Cray-1 — ベクトル、短い配線、冷却を一つの設計にまとめる", "en": "The Cray-1: vectors, short wires, and cooling as one design" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supercomputing#vector-era", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing#vector-era" } }, { "id": "section:supercomputing:parallel-clusters", "type": "section", "slug": "supercomputing", "section_id": "parallel-clusters", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "超並列とクラスタ — 特別な一台から、つないだ多数のノードへ", "en": "Massive parallelism and clusters: from one special machine to many nodes" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supercomputing#parallel-clusters", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing#parallel-clusters" } }, { "id": "section:supercomputing:japan-systems", "type": "section", "slug": "supercomputing", "section_id": "japan-systems", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "地球シミュレータと富岳 — 実際のアプリケーションを起点に共同設計する", "en": "The Earth Simulator and Fugaku: co-design around applications" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supercomputing#japan-systems", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing#japan-systems" } }, { "id": "section:supercomputing:exascale-current", "type": "section", "slug": "supercomputing", "section_id": "exascale-current", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "エクサスケールと2026年6月の現在地", "en": "Exascale and where things stood in June 2026" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supercomputing#exascale-current", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing#exascale-current" } }, { "id": "section:supercomputing:inside-system", "type": "section", "slug": "supercomputing", "section_id": "inside-system", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "現代の一台はCPU、アクセラレータ、メモリ、ネットワーク、ストレージでできている", "en": "A modern system combines CPUs, accelerators, memory, networks, and storage" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supercomputing#inside-system", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing#inside-system" } }, { "id": "section:supercomputing:social-roles", "type": "section", "slug": "supercomputing", "section_id": "social-roles", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "何のために使うのか — 仮想実験室、観測装置、国家基盤", "en": "What is it for? A virtual laboratory, a partner to instruments, national infrastructure" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supercomputing#social-roles", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing#social-roles" } }, { "id": "section:supercomputing:benchmarks", "type": "section", "slug": "supercomputing", "section_id": "benchmarks", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "TOP500の読み方 — 1位は「最も賢い」ではない", "en": "How to read TOP500: No. 1 does not mean “most intelligent”" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supercomputing#benchmarks", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing#benchmarks" } }, { "id": "section:supercomputing:limits", "type": "section", "slug": "supercomputing", "section_id": "limits", "order": 11, "label": { "ja": "次の壁は演算器だけではない — 電力、データ移動、ソフトウェア、信頼性", "en": "The next wall is not arithmetic alone: power, data movement, software, and reliability" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supercomputing#limits", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing#limits" } }, { "id": "section:supercomputing:five-years", "type": "section", "slug": "supercomputing", "section_id": "five-years", "order": 12, "label": { "ja": "5年後、2031年前後 — 公式計画から見えるAI-HPC基盤", "en": "Five years out, around 2031: the planned AI–HPC platform" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supercomputing#five-years", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing#five-years" } }, { "id": "section:supercomputing:ten-years", "type": "section", "slug": "supercomputing", "section_id": "ten-years", "order": 13, "label": { "ja": "10年後、2036年前後 — 三つの編集部シナリオ", "en": "Ten years out, around 2036: three editorial scenarios" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supercomputing#ten-years", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing#ten-years" } }, { "id": "section:supercomputing:ai-quantum-boundary", "type": "section", "slug": "supercomputing", "section_id": "ai-quantum-boundary", "order": 14, "label": { "ja": "AIと量子はスーパーコンピュータの後継ではなく、役割を変える", "en": "AI and quantum computing change the role of HPC; they do not simply succeed it" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supercomputing#ai-quantum-boundary", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing#ai-quantum-boundary" } }, { "id": "section:supercomputing:bitcoin-boundary", "type": "section", "slug": "supercomputing", "section_id": "bitcoin-boundary", "order": 15, "label": { "ja": "ビットコインとの接点 — FLOPSとハッシュレートを混ぜない", "en": "The Bitcoin boundary: FLOPS is not hash rate" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supercomputing#bitcoin-boundary", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing#bitcoin-boundary" } }, { "id": "section:supercomputing:editorial-view", "type": "section", "slug": "supercomputing", "section_id": "editorial-view", "order": 16, "label": { "ja": "編集部の見解 — 計算能力が増えるほど、人間の責任は小さくならない", "en": "Editorial perspective: more compute does not reduce human responsibility" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supercomputing#editorial-view", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing#editorial-view" } }, { "id": "topic:ai-computing", "type": "topic", "slug": "ai-computing", "label": { "ja": "なぜAIはGPUとメモリを必要とするのか — CPU・GPU・HBMの役割", "en": "Why AI Needs GPUs and Memory: The Roles of CPUs, GPUs, and HBM" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ai-computing", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ai-computing" }, "category": "distributed", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "section:ai-computing:key-facts", "type": "section", "slug": "ai-computing", "section_id": "key-facts", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "30秒でつかむ — CPU・GPU・メモリは役割が違う", "en": "The 30-second answer: CPUs, GPUs, and memory play different roles" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ai-computing#key-facts", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ai-computing#key-facts" } }, { "id": "section:ai-computing:roles-not-ranking", "type": "section", "slug": "ai-computing", "section_id": "roles-not-ranking", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "性能順位ではなく、仕事の形を見る", "en": "The shape of the work matters more than a performance ranking" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ai-computing#roles-not-ranking", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ai-computing#roles-not-ranking" } }, { "id": "section:ai-computing:cpu-strengths", "type": "section", "slug": "ai-computing", "section_id": "cpu-strengths", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "CPUの強み — 低遅延・分岐・制御", "en": "CPU strengths: latency, branching, and control" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ai-computing#cpu-strengths", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ai-computing#cpu-strengths" } }, { "id": "section:ai-computing:gpu-strengths", "type": "section", "slug": "ai-computing", "section_id": "gpu-strengths", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "GPUの強み — 大量並列とスループット", "en": "GPU strengths: parallelism and throughput" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ai-computing#gpu-strengths", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ai-computing#gpu-strengths" } }, { "id": "section:ai-computing:matrix-ai", "type": "section", "slug": "ai-computing", "section_id": "matrix-ai", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "なぜAIには行列演算が多いのか", "en": "Why AI uses so much matrix math" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ai-computing#matrix-ai", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ai-computing#matrix-ai" } }, { "id": "section:ai-computing:memory-three", "type": "section", "slug": "ai-computing", "section_id": "memory-three", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "メモリの強み — 容量・帯域・遅延を分ける", "en": "Memory: keep capacity, bandwidth, and latency separate" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ai-computing#memory-three", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ai-computing#memory-three" } }, { "id": "section:ai-computing:training-memory", "type": "section", "slug": "ai-computing", "section_id": "training-memory", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "学習では重み以外も保持する", "en": "Training must store more than weights" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ai-computing#training-memory", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ai-computing#training-memory" } }, { "id": "section:ai-computing:inference-memory", "type": "section", "slug": "ai-computing", "section_id": "inference-memory", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "推論では重みとKV cacheが場所を取る", "en": "Inference holds weights and a growing KV cache" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ai-computing#inference-memory", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ai-computing#inference-memory" } }, { "id": "section:ai-computing:capacity-arithmetic", "type": "section", "slug": "ai-computing", "section_id": "capacity-arithmetic", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "7B・70Bを置くだけでも何GBか — 透明な概算", "en": "How many gigabytes does it take just to hold 7B or 70B weights?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ai-computing#capacity-arithmetic", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ai-computing#capacity-arithmetic" } }, { "id": "section:ai-computing:data-movement", "type": "section", "slug": "ai-computing", "section_id": "data-movement", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "演算器が速くても、データが届かなければ止まる", "en": "Fast arithmetic still waits when the data cannot arrive" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ai-computing#data-movement", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ai-computing#data-movement" } }, { "id": "section:ai-computing:multi-accelerator", "type": "section", "slug": "ai-computing", "section_id": "multi-accelerator", "order": 11, "label": { "ja": "複数GPUでは相互接続も性能になる", "en": "With multiple GPUs, the interconnect is the performance" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ai-computing#multi-accelerator", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ai-computing#multi-accelerator" } }, { "id": "section:ai-computing:tradeoffs", "type": "section", "slug": "ai-computing", "section_id": "tradeoffs", "order": 12, "label": { "ja": "量子化・オフロード・分散は、無料の高速化ではない", "en": "Quantization, offload, and distribution are not free speed-ups" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ai-computing#tradeoffs", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ai-computing#tradeoffs" } }, { "id": "section:ai-computing:editorial-view", "type": "section", "slug": "ai-computing", "section_id": "editorial-view", "order": 13, "label": { "ja": "編集部の見解 — 計算機の未来は異種混成のシステムとデータ移動にある", "en": "Editorial perspective: the future is heterogeneous and data-movement-aware" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ai-computing#editorial-view", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ai-computing#editorial-view" } }, { "id": "topic:quantum-computing", "type": "topic", "slug": "quantum-computing", "label": { "ja": "量子コンピュータはビットコインを壊すのか — 量子ビット・誤り訂正・暗号移行", "en": "Can Quantum Computers Break Bitcoin? Qubits, Error Correction, and Cryptographic Migration" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/quantum-computing", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/quantum-computing" }, "category": "distributed", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-24" }, { "id": "section:quantum-computing:key-facts", "type": "section", "slug": "quantum-computing", "section_id": "key-facts", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "30秒でつかむ — できること、まだできないこと", "en": "The 30-second answer: what is possible, and what is not yet" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/quantum-computing#key-facts", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/quantum-computing#key-facts" } }, { "id": "section:quantum-computing:not-faster-cpu", "type": "section", "slug": "quantum-computing", "section_id": "not-faster-cpu", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "量子コンピュータは超高速CPUではない", "en": "A quantum computer is not just a faster CPU" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/quantum-computing#not-faster-cpu", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/quantum-computing#not-faster-cpu" } }, { "id": "section:quantum-computing:qubits-interference", "type": "section", "slug": "quantum-computing", "section_id": "qubits-interference", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "量子ビット・重ね合わせ・干渉・測定", "en": "Qubits, superposition, interference, and measurement" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/quantum-computing#qubits-interference", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/quantum-computing#qubits-interference" } }, { "id": "section:quantum-computing:error-correction", "type": "section", "slug": "quantum-computing", "section_id": "error-correction", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "物理量子ビットから論理量子ビットへ", "en": "From physical qubits to logical qubits" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/quantum-computing#error-correction", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/quantum-computing#error-correction" } }, { "id": "section:quantum-computing:algorithms", "type": "section", "slug": "quantum-computing", "section_id": "algorithms", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "ShorとGrover — 二つの影響を混同しない", "en": "Shor and Grover: two effects that should not be merged" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/quantum-computing#algorithms", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/quantum-computing#algorithms" } }, { "id": "section:quantum-computing:bitcoin-surfaces", "type": "section", "slug": "quantum-computing", "section_id": "bitcoin-surfaces", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "ビットコインの暗号を二つの表面に分ける", "en": "Separate Bitcoin’s two cryptographic surfaces" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/quantum-computing#bitcoin-surfaces", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/quantum-computing#bitcoin-surfaces" } }, { "id": "section:quantum-computing:public-key-exposure", "type": "section", "slug": "quantum-computing", "section_id": "public-key-exposure", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "公開鍵はいつ露出するのか", "en": "When does a Bitcoin public key become exposed?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/quantum-computing#public-key-exposure", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/quantum-computing#public-key-exposure" } }, { "id": "section:quantum-computing:long-short-exposure", "type": "section", "slug": "quantum-computing", "section_id": "long-short-exposure", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "長時間露出と短時間露出", "en": "Long- and short-exposure attacks" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/quantum-computing#long-short-exposure", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/quantum-computing#long-short-exposure" } }, { "id": "section:quantum-computing:satoshi-wallets", "type": "section", "slug": "quantum-computing", "section_id": "satoshi-wallets", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "AIや量子でも「サトシのwallet」は破れないのか", "en": "Can AI or quantum computers break “Satoshi’s wallet”?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/quantum-computing#satoshi-wallets", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/quantum-computing#satoshi-wallets" } }, { "id": "section:quantum-computing:pqc-standards", "type": "section", "slug": "quantum-computing", "section_id": "pqc-standards", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "NISTの耐量子暗号は、まだビットコインに採用されていない", "en": "NIST post-quantum standards are not adopted Bitcoin rules" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/quantum-computing#pqc-standards", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/quantum-computing#pqc-standards" } }, { "id": "section:quantum-computing:bip-360", "type": "section", "slug": "quantum-computing", "section_id": "bip-360", "order": 11, "label": { "ja": "BIP 360が提案すること、しないこと", "en": "What draft BIP 360 proposes, and what it does not" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/quantum-computing#bip-360", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/quantum-computing#bip-360" } }, { "id": "section:quantum-computing:migration", "type": "section", "slug": "quantum-computing", "section_id": "migration", "order": 12, "label": { "ja": "移行は実装だけでなく合意形成の問題", "en": "Migration is an implementation problem and a consensus problem" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/quantum-computing#migration", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/quantum-computing#migration" } }, { "id": "section:quantum-computing:editorial-view", "type": "section", "slug": "quantum-computing", "section_id": "editorial-view", "order": 13, "label": { "ja": "編集部の見解 — 量子は置き換えではなく、狭い範囲で協調する計算機になる", "en": "Editorial perspective: quantum as a narrow collaborator, not a replacement" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/quantum-computing#editorial-view", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/quantum-computing#editorial-view" } }, { "id": "topic:computing-futures", "type": "topic", "slug": "computing-futures", "label": { "ja": "計算機と知性の未来 — 2031年・2036年とAIエージェントの社会", "en": "The Future of Computing and Intelligence: 2031, 2036, and an Agentic Society" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-futures", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-futures" }, "category": "distributed", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-24" }, { "id": "section:computing-futures:key-facts", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-futures", "section_id": "key-facts", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "30秒でつかむ — 未来の確定事項と未確定事項", "en": "The 30-second view: what is established and what is not" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-futures#key-facts", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-futures#key-facts" } }, { "id": "section:computing-futures:evidence-layers", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-futures", "section_id": "evidence-layers", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "事実・条件付きのシナリオ・編集部の見解を混ぜない", "en": "Keep facts, conditional scenarios, and editorial judgment apart" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-futures#evidence-layers", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-futures#evidence-layers" } }, { "id": "section:computing-futures:five-years-2031", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-futures", "section_id": "five-years-2031", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "2031年頃 — 5年先は異種システムと物理的な制約の時代", "en": "Around 2031: heterogeneous systems meet physical constraints" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-futures#five-years-2031", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-futures#five-years-2031" } }, { "id": "section:computing-futures:ten-years-2036", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-futures", "section_id": "ten-years-2036", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "2036年頃 — 10年先は一本の予測より三つのシナリオ", "en": "Around 2036: three scenarios are more honest than one forecast" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-futures#ten-years-2036", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-futures#ten-years-2036" } }, { "id": "section:computing-futures:capability-vector", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-futures", "section_id": "capability-vector", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "「人類を超えた」を一つの点数にしない", "en": "“Beyond humanity” is not a single score" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-futures#capability-vector", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-futures#capability-vector" } }, { "id": "section:computing-futures:human-position", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-futures", "section_id": "human-position", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "能力が超えても、目的と責任は自動移転しない", "en": "Capability can shift without purpose or responsibility shifting with it" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-futures#human-position", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-futures#human-position" } }, { "id": "section:computing-futures:agent-stack", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-futures", "section_id": "agent-stack", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "AIエージェントが組織を越えて動くための四つの層", "en": "Four layers for agents that operate across organizations" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-futures#agent-stack", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-futures#agent-stack" } }, { "id": "section:computing-futures:blockchain-origin", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-futures", "section_id": "blockchain-origin", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "ブロックチェーンはAIのために生まれたのか — 起源としては違う", "en": "Was blockchain created for AI? Not in its origins" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-futures#blockchain-origin", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-futures#blockchain-origin" } }, { "id": "section:computing-futures:emerging-protocols", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-futures", "section_id": "emerging-protocols", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "x402とERC-8004 — 稼働する萌芽とDraftを区別する", "en": "x402 and ERC-8004: tell a working protocol apart from a draft" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-futures#emerging-protocols", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-futures#emerging-protocols" } }, { "id": "section:computing-futures:proof-boundary", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-futures", "section_id": "proof-boundary", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "台帳が証明すること、証明しないこと", "en": "What a ledger can prove, and what it cannot" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-futures#proof-boundary", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-futures#proof-boundary" } }, { "id": "section:computing-futures:non-chain-alternatives", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-futures", "section_id": "non-chain-alternatives", "order": 11, "label": { "ja": "ブロックチェーンを使わない信頼の基盤もある", "en": "Trust infrastructure does not always need a blockchain" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-futures#non-chain-alternatives", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-futures#non-chain-alternatives" } }, { "id": "section:computing-futures:risk-boundaries", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-futures", "section_id": "risk-boundaries", "order": 12, "label": { "ja": "エージェント経済のリスク — オラクル、Sybil、プライバシー、鍵、責任", "en": "Agent-economy risks: oracles, Sybils, privacy, keys, and responsibility" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-futures#risk-boundaries", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-futures#risk-boundaries" } }, { "id": "section:computing-futures:editorial-view", "type": "section", "slug": "computing-futures", "section_id": "editorial-view", "order": 13, "label": { "ja": "編集部の見解 — 人間は目的を、AIは探索を、台帳は境界を担う", "en": "Editorial perspective: humans set purpose, AI explores, and ledgers mark boundaries" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/computing-futures#editorial-view", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-futures#editorial-view" } }, { "id": "topic:distributed-systems", "type": "topic", "slug": "distributed-systems", "label": { "ja": "分散システムとは — 歴史・時間・障害・複製", "en": "Distributed Systems — History, Time, Failure, and Replication" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/distributed-systems", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/distributed-systems" }, "category": "distributed", "level": "beginner", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "section:distributed-systems:overview", "type": "section", "slug": "distributed-systems", "section_id": "overview", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "分散システムの本質", "en": "What makes a system distributed" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/distributed-systems#overview", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/distributed-systems#overview" } }, { "id": "section:distributed-systems:boundaries", "type": "section", "slug": "distributed-systems", "section_id": "boundaries", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "似ている言葉を分ける", "en": "Keep the neighboring terms apart" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/distributed-systems#boundaries", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/distributed-systems#boundaries" } }, { "id": "section:distributed-systems:lineage", "type": "section", "slug": "distributed-systems", "section_id": "lineage", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "ARPANETから公開参加型台帳まで", "en": "From ARPANET to an open-participation ledger" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/distributed-systems#lineage", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/distributed-systems#lineage" } }, { "id": "section:distributed-systems:time", "type": "section", "slug": "distributed-systems", "section_id": "time", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "世界共通の「いま」はない", "en": "There is no universal “now”" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/distributed-systems#time", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/distributed-systems#time" } }, { "id": "section:distributed-systems:failure", "type": "section", "slug": "distributed-systems", "section_id": "failure", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "部分障害 — 壊れたか、遅いだけか", "en": "Partial failure: broken, or just slow?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/distributed-systems#failure", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/distributed-systems#failure" } }, { "id": "section:distributed-systems:safety-liveness", "type": "section", "slug": "distributed-systems", "section_id": "safety-liveness", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "安全性と生存性を分ける", "en": "Keep safety separate from liveness" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/distributed-systems#safety-liveness", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/distributed-systems#safety-liveness" } }, { "id": "section:distributed-systems:replication", "type": "section", "slug": "distributed-systems", "section_id": "replication", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "複製状態機械 — 同じ順序から同じ状態へ", "en": "Replicated state machines: same order, same state" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/distributed-systems#replication", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/distributed-systems#replication" } }, { "id": "section:distributed-systems:impossibility", "type": "section", "slug": "distributed-systems", "section_id": "impossibility", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "FLPが示した「不可能」の範囲", "en": "What FLP actually makes impossible" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/distributed-systems#impossibility", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/distributed-systems#impossibility" } }, { "id": "section:distributed-systems:cap", "type": "section", "slug": "distributed-systems", "section_id": "cap", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "CAP定理を「三つから二つ」で終わらせない", "en": "CAP is more precise than “pick two”" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/distributed-systems#cap", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/distributed-systems#cap" } }, { "id": "section:distributed-systems:scale", "type": "section", "slug": "distributed-systems", "section_id": "scale", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "クラスタ、グリッド、クラウドが変えた規模", "en": "Clusters, grids, and clouds changed the scale" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/distributed-systems#scale", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/distributed-systems#scale" } }, { "id": "section:distributed-systems:bitcoin-bridge", "type": "section", "slug": "distributed-systems", "section_id": "bitcoin-bridge", "order": 11, "label": { "ja": "ビットコインは何を継承し、何を変えたか", "en": "What Bitcoin inherited, and what it changed" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/distributed-systems#bitcoin-bridge", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/distributed-systems#bitcoin-bridge" } }, { "id": "section:distributed-systems:reading-map", "type": "section", "slug": "distributed-systems", "section_id": "reading-map", "order": 12, "label": { "ja": "設計を読むための六つの質問", "en": "Six questions for reading any distributed design" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/distributed-systems#reading-map", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/distributed-systems#reading-map" } }, { "id": "topic:volunteer-computing", "type": "topic", "slug": "volunteer-computing", "label": { "ja": "ボランティアコンピューティング — SETI@homeとBOINCの歴史", "en": "Volunteer Computing — The History of SETI@home and BOINC" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/volunteer-computing", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/volunteer-computing" }, "category": "distributed", "level": "beginner", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "section:volunteer-computing:overview", "type": "section", "slug": "volunteer-computing", "section_id": "overview", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "家庭のPCが観測装置の一部になる", "en": "When a home computer becomes part of an instrument" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/volunteer-computing#overview", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/volunteer-computing#overview" } }, { "id": "section:volunteer-computing:boundaries", "type": "section", "slug": "volunteer-computing", "section_id": "boundaries", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "グリッド・クラウド・市民科学との違い", "en": "How it differs from grid, cloud, and citizen science" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/volunteer-computing#boundaries", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/volunteer-computing#boundaries" } }, { "id": "section:volunteer-computing:pioneers", "type": "section", "slug": "volunteer-computing", "section_id": "pioneers", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "先駆者 — GIMPSとdistributed.net", "en": "The pioneers — GIMPS and distributed.net" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/volunteer-computing#pioneers", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/volunteer-computing#pioneers" } }, { "id": "section:volunteer-computing:seti", "type": "section", "slug": "volunteer-computing", "section_id": "seti", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "SETI@home — 眠っている計算機で宇宙を聴く", "en": "SETI@home — listening to space with sleeping computers" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/volunteer-computing#seti", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/volunteer-computing#seti" } }, { "id": "section:volunteer-computing:seti-results", "type": "section", "slug": "volunteer-computing", "section_id": "seti-results", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "約120億の検出から追観測候補へ", "en": "From about 12 billion detections to follow-up targets" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/volunteer-computing#seti-results", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/volunteer-computing#seti-results" } }, { "id": "section:volunteer-computing:boinc-architecture", "type": "section", "slug": "volunteer-computing", "section_id": "boinc-architecture", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "BOINCのワークユニット — 生成から検証まで", "en": "The BOINC workunit lifecycle" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/volunteer-computing#boinc-architecture", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/volunteer-computing#boinc-architecture" } }, { "id": "section:volunteer-computing:hardware-diversity", "type": "section", "slug": "volunteer-computing", "section_id": "hardware-diversity", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "CPU・GPU・Arm端末 — 機種の違いも計算基盤の一部", "en": "CPUs, GPUs, and Arm devices — machine diversity is part of the system" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/volunteer-computing#hardware-diversity", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/volunteer-computing#hardware-diversity" } }, { "id": "section:volunteer-computing:two-cells", "type": "section", "slug": "volunteer-computing", "section_id": "two-cells", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "二つの「Cell」— PS3科学計算とNTT DATA Gene", "en": "Two “Cells” — PS3 scientific computing and NTT DATA Gene" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/volunteer-computing#two-cells", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/volunteer-computing#two-cells" } }, { "id": "section:volunteer-computing:trust", "type": "section", "slug": "volunteer-computing", "section_id": "trust", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "信頼は双方向だが、対称ではない", "en": "Trust runs both ways, but not symmetrically" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/volunteer-computing#trust", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/volunteer-computing#trust" } }, { "id": "section:volunteer-computing:credit", "type": "section", "slug": "volunteer-computing", "section_id": "credit", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "クレジット — 計算を共同体の記憶へ変える", "en": "Credit — turning computation into community memory" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/volunteer-computing#credit", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/volunteer-computing#credit" } }, { "id": "section:volunteer-computing:project-atlas", "type": "section", "slug": "volunteer-computing", "section_id": "project-atlas", "order": 11, "label": { "ja": "主要プロジェクトの見取り図", "en": "An atlas of major projects" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/volunteer-computing#project-atlas", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/volunteer-computing#project-atlas" } }, { "id": "section:volunteer-computing:mining-comparison", "type": "section", "slug": "volunteer-computing", "section_id": "mining-comparison", "order": 12, "label": { "ja": "BOINCとビットコインのマイニング — 似た外形、異なる目的", "en": "BOINC and Bitcoin mining — similar shape, different purpose" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/volunteer-computing#mining-comparison", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/volunteer-computing#mining-comparison" } }, { "id": "section:volunteer-computing:limits", "type": "section", "slug": "volunteer-computing", "section_id": "limits", "order": 13, "label": { "ja": "なぜ全ての科学が@homeにならないのか", "en": "Why not every scientific workload can become @home" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/volunteer-computing#limits", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/volunteer-computing#limits" } }, { "id": "section:volunteer-computing:legacy", "type": "section", "slug": "volunteer-computing", "section_id": "legacy", "order": 14, "label": { "ja": "残ったもの — 計算資源以上の共同研究", "en": "The legacy — a collaboration larger than its compute" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/volunteer-computing#legacy", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/volunteer-computing#legacy" } }, { "id": "topic:primegrid", "type": "topic", "slug": "primegrid", "label": { "ja": "PrimeGrid — 世界の計算機で素数の地図を広げる", "en": "PrimeGrid: Mapping Prime Numbers with Computers Worldwide" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/primegrid", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/primegrid" }, "category": "distributed", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "section:primegrid:overview", "type": "section", "slug": "primegrid", "section_id": "overview", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "家庭の一台が、数論の観測装置になる", "en": "One household computer becomes an instrument for number theory" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/primegrid#overview", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/primegrid#overview" } }, { "id": "section:primegrid:history", "type": "section", "slug": "primegrid", "section_id": "history", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "Message@Homeから、公開された数論研究所へ", "en": "From Message@Home to a public number-theory laboratory" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/primegrid#history", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/primegrid#history" } }, { "id": "section:primegrid:research-map", "type": "section", "slug": "primegrid", "section_id": "research-map", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "何を探すのか — 大きさ、形、未解決問題", "en": "What does it search for? Size, form, and open problems" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/primegrid#research-map", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/primegrid#research-map" } }, { "id": "section:primegrid:discovery-pipeline", "type": "section", "slug": "primegrid", "section_id": "discovery-pipeline", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "候補から公開記録へ — 一つの発見が通る道", "en": "From candidate to public record: the journey of a discovery" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/primegrid#discovery-pipeline", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/primegrid#discovery-pipeline" } }, { "id": "section:primegrid:probable-proof", "type": "section", "slug": "primegrid", "section_id": "probable-proof", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "PRP、計算の証明、素数証明を分ける", "en": "PRP, computational proof, and primality proof are three different things" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/primegrid#probable-proof", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/primegrid#probable-proof" } }, { "id": "section:primegrid:hardware", "type": "section", "slug": "primegrid", "section_id": "hardware", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "CPU、GPU、アプリケーション — 速さは仕事の形で決まる", "en": "CPU, GPU, and application: the shape of the work decides the speed" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/primegrid#hardware", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/primegrid#hardware" } }, { "id": "section:primegrid:discovery-case", "type": "section", "slug": "primegrid", "section_id": "discovery-case", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "13,426,224桁とAP27 — 「大きい」以外の発見", "en": "13,426,224 digits and AP27: discoveries beyond “largest”" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/primegrid#discovery-case", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/primegrid#discovery-case" } }, { "id": "section:primegrid:community", "type": "section", "slug": "primegrid", "section_id": "community", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "クレジット、バッジ、チーム — 報酬はお金ではなく参加の物語", "en": "Credit, badges, and teams: a reward built out of participation" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/primegrid#community", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/primegrid#community" } }, { "id": "section:primegrid:prime-patterns", "type": "section", "slug": "primegrid", "section_id": "prime-patterns", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "素数のパターンを見つけるとは、何を見つけることか", "en": "What would finding a pattern in primes actually mean?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/primegrid#prime-patterns", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/primegrid#prime-patterns" } }, { "id": "section:primegrid:cryptography-boundary", "type": "section", "slug": "primegrid", "section_id": "cryptography-boundary", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "素数を見つけることと、鍵を破ることは同じではない", "en": "Finding a prime and breaking a key are not the same task" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/primegrid#cryptography-boundary", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/primegrid#cryptography-boundary" } }, { "id": "section:primegrid:rsa-failures", "type": "section", "slug": "primegrid", "section_id": "rsa-failures", "order": 11, "label": { "ja": "RSAで現実に崩れたのは、宇宙的規則より弱い乱数だった", "en": "RSA failed in practice through weak randomness, not a cosmic pattern" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/primegrid#rsa-failures", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/primegrid#rsa-failures" } }, { "id": "section:primegrid:bitcoin-quantum", "type": "section", "slug": "primegrid", "section_id": "bitcoin-quantum", "order": 12, "label": { "ja": "ビットコインと量子計算 — 素因数分解ではなく離散対数", "en": "Bitcoin and quantum computing: discrete logs, not factorization" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/primegrid#bitcoin-quantum", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/primegrid#bitcoin-quantum" } }, { "id": "section:primegrid:participation", "type": "section", "slug": "primegrid", "section_id": "participation", "order": 13, "label": { "ja": "参加する前に — 未知への切符には電力と責任がある", "en": "Before you join: a ticket to the unknown costs power and care" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/primegrid#participation", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/primegrid#participation" } }, { "id": "topic:compute-economies", "type": "topic", "slug": "compute-economies", "label": { "ja": "計算資源の社会史 — Credit、暗号資産、AI、宇宙", "en": "The Social History of Compute — Credit, Crypto, AI, and Space" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/compute-economies", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/compute-economies" }, "category": "distributed", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-16", "last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "section:compute-economies:scope", "type": "section", "slug": "compute-economies", "section_id": "scope", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "計算資源は「余っている物」ではなく配分される物", "en": "Compute is allocated, not simply “left over”" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/compute-economies#scope", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/compute-economies#scope" } }, { "id": "section:compute-economies:credit-culture", "type": "section", "slug": "compute-economies", "section_id": "credit-culture", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "クレジット、順位、チーム — 金銭がなくても競争は動いた", "en": "Credit, rank, and teams: competition without money" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/compute-economies#credit-culture", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/compute-economies#credit-culture" } }, { "id": "section:compute-economies:accounting-systems", "type": "section", "slug": "compute-economies", "section_id": "accounting-systems", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "ポイントは同じ単位ではない", "en": "Points are not one unit" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/compute-economies#accounting-systems", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/compute-economies#accounting-systems" } }, { "id": "section:compute-economies:bitcoin-discontinuity", "type": "section", "slug": "compute-economies", "section_id": "bitcoin-discontinuity", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "ビットコインが変えたもの — 名誉の記録から、譲渡できる請求権へ", "en": "What Bitcoin changed: from reputation to a transferable claim" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/compute-economies#bitcoin-discontinuity", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/compute-economies#bitcoin-discontinuity" } }, { "id": "section:compute-economies:causality-boundary", "type": "section", "slug": "compute-economies", "section_id": "causality-boundary", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "ビットコインはボランティア計算を終わらせたのか", "en": "Did Bitcoin end volunteer computing?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/compute-economies#causality-boundary", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/compute-economies#causality-boundary" } }, { "id": "section:compute-economies:gpu-crossroads", "type": "section", "slug": "compute-economies", "section_id": "gpu-crossroads", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "一枚のGPUに重なった、用途の歴史", "en": "One GPU, overlapping histories" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/compute-economies#gpu-crossroads", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/compute-economies#gpu-crossroads" } }, { "id": "section:compute-economies:ethereum-gpu-era", "type": "section", "slug": "compute-economies", "section_id": "ethereum-gpu-era", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "Ethereumとコンシューマー向けGPU市場 — 2015年からMergeまで", "en": "Ethereum and the consumer-GPU market, 2015 to the Merge" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/compute-economies#ethereum-gpu-era", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/compute-economies#ethereum-gpu-era" } }, { "id": "section:compute-economies:merge", "type": "section", "slug": "compute-economies", "section_id": "merge", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "2022年のMerge — 採掘の終了と、その後の行き先", "en": "The 2022 Merge: mining ends, hardware takes several paths" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/compute-economies#merge", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/compute-economies#merge" } }, { "id": "section:compute-economies:ai-economy", "type": "section", "slug": "compute-economies", "section_id": "ai-economy", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "AIへ向かったのは同じGPU群ではなく、市場の重心", "en": "The market shifted toward AI; it was not the same fleet" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/compute-economies#ai-economy", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/compute-economies#ai-economy" } }, { "id": "section:compute-economies:hardware-fungibility", "type": "section", "slug": "compute-economies", "section_id": "hardware-fungibility", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "計算資源は完全には代替できない", "en": "Compute resources are not fully fungible" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/compute-economies#hardware-fungibility", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/compute-economies#hardware-fungibility" } }, { "id": "section:compute-economies:space-now", "type": "section", "slug": "compute-economies", "section_id": "space-now", "order": 11, "label": { "ja": "計算資源はすでに宇宙にある", "en": "Compute is already in space" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/compute-economies#space-now", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/compute-economies#space-now" } }, { "id": "section:compute-economies:orbital-datacenters", "type": "section", "slug": "compute-economies", "section_id": "orbital-datacenters", "order": 12, "label": { "ja": "軌道上データセンター — 実証、研究、構想を分ける", "en": "Orbital data centers: keep demos, studies, and proposals apart" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/compute-economies#orbital-datacenters", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/compute-economies#orbital-datacenters" } }, { "id": "section:compute-economies:evidence-method", "type": "section", "slug": "compute-economies", "section_id": "evidence-method", "order": 13, "label": { "ja": "未来を事実として書かないための資料作法", "en": "A method for keeping the future out of the fact column" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/compute-economies#evidence-method", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/compute-economies#evidence-method" } }, { "id": "topic:world-community-grid", "type": "topic", "slug": "world-community-grid", "label": { "ja": "World Community Grid — 市民の計算力で科学を支えるグリッド", "en": "World Community Grid — Citizen Computing for Science" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/world-community-grid", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/world-community-grid" }, "category": "distributed", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "section:world-community-grid:overview", "type": "section", "slug": "world-community-grid", "section_id": "overview", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "一つの研究ではなく、公益研究を束ねる共用基盤", "en": "Not one experiment: shared infrastructure for public-interest research" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/world-community-grid#overview", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/world-community-grid#overview" } }, { "id": "section:world-community-grid:boundaries", "type": "section", "slug": "world-community-grid", "section_id": "boundaries", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "Grid、BOINC、WCGを同じものにしない", "en": "Grid, BOINC, and WCG are not synonyms" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/world-community-grid#boundaries", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/world-community-grid#boundaries" } }, { "id": "section:world-community-grid:history", "type": "section", "slug": "world-community-grid", "section_id": "history", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "Smallpox GridからIBMの世界規模基盤へ", "en": "From the Smallpox Grid to IBM infrastructure at global scale" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/world-community-grid#history", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/world-community-grid#history" } }, { "id": "section:world-community-grid:governance", "type": "section", "slug": "world-community-grid", "section_id": "governance", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "計算資源を集める前に、研究を選ぶ", "en": "The research is chosen before the compute is gathered" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/world-community-grid#governance", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/world-community-grid#governance" } }, { "id": "section:world-community-grid:pipeline", "type": "section", "slug": "world-community-grid", "section_id": "pipeline", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "一つのワークユニットが科学データになるまで", "en": "How one workunit becomes research data" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/world-community-grid#pipeline", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/world-community-grid#pipeline" } }, { "id": "section:world-community-grid:validation-security", "type": "section", "slug": "world-community-grid", "section_id": "validation-security", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "二重計算、信頼できる端末、署名 — 信頼を分解する", "en": "Replication, trusted devices, and signatures split the trust" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/world-community-grid#validation-security", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/world-community-grid#validation-security" } }, { "id": "section:world-community-grid:active-portfolio", "type": "section", "slug": "world-community-grid", "section_id": "active-portfolio", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "2026年8月に活動している案件は3件", "en": "Three active projects in August 2026" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/world-community-grid#active-portfolio", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/world-community-grid#active-portfolio" } }, { "id": "section:world-community-grid:markers", "type": "section", "slug": "world-community-grid", "section_id": "markers", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "MCMからMAMへ — 組合せ爆発を市民計算で探索する", "en": "From MCM to MAM: distributing a combinatorial search" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/world-community-grid#markers", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/world-community-grid#markers" } }, { "id": "section:world-community-grid:rainfall", "type": "section", "slug": "world-community-grid", "section_id": "rainfall", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "Africa Rainfall Project — 計算より保存容量が先に詰まることもある", "en": "Africa Rainfall Project: storage can run out before compute does" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/world-community-grid#rainfall", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/world-community-grid#rainfall" } }, { "id": "section:world-community-grid:completed-science", "type": "section", "slug": "world-community-grid", "section_id": "completed-science", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "「完了」を薬の完成と読み替えない", "en": "“Completed” does not mean a finished medicine" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/world-community-grid#completed-science", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/world-community-grid#completed-science" } }, { "id": "section:world-community-grid:transition", "type": "section", "slug": "world-community-grid", "section_id": "transition", "order": 11, "label": { "ja": "IBMからKrembilへ — 継続には運用移管も必要だった", "en": "From IBM to Krembil: continuity took an operational transfer" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/world-community-grid#transition", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/world-community-grid#transition" } }, { "id": "section:world-community-grid:participation", "type": "section", "slug": "world-community-grid", "section_id": "participation", "order": 12, "label": { "ja": "参加する前に読むべき4つの数字", "en": "Four numbers to understand before you join" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/world-community-grid#participation", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/world-community-grid#participation" } }, { "id": "topic:consensus", "type": "topic", "slug": "consensus", "label": { "ja": "分散合意とは — Paxos・Raft・PBFT・Nakamoto型合意", "en": "Distributed Consensus — Paxos, Raft, PBFT, and Nakamoto Consensus" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/consensus", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/consensus" }, "category": "distributed", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-16", "last_verified": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "section:consensus:overview", "type": "section", "slug": "consensus", "section_id": "overview", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "合意は「全員一致」の別名ではない", "en": "Consensus is not another word for unanimity" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/consensus#overview", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/consensus#overview" } }, { "id": "section:consensus:problem", "type": "section", "slug": "consensus", "section_id": "problem", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "一回の決定から複製ログへ", "en": "From one decision to a replicated log" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/consensus#problem", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/consensus#problem" } }, { "id": "section:consensus:assumption-map", "type": "section", "slug": "consensus", "section_id": "assumption-map", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "方式名より先に仮定を読む", "en": "Read the assumptions before the protocol name" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/consensus#assumption-map", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/consensus#assumption-map" } }, { "id": "section:consensus:synchrony", "type": "section", "slug": "consensus", "section_id": "synchrony", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "安全性は時間から切り離し、生存性は時間へ戻す", "en": "Keep safety independent of timing, and let liveness depend on it" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/consensus#synchrony", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/consensus#synchrony" } }, { "id": "section:consensus:quorums", "type": "section", "slug": "consensus", "section_id": "quorums", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "クォーラムの交差 — 多数決の本当の役割", "en": "Quorum intersection — what a majority is really for" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/consensus#quorums", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/consensus#quorums" } }, { "id": "section:consensus:paxos", "type": "section", "slug": "consensus", "section_id": "paxos", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "Paxos — 過半数が一度選んだ値を守る", "en": "Paxos — preserving a value once a majority chooses it" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/consensus#paxos", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/consensus#paxos" } }, { "id": "section:consensus:raft", "type": "section", "slug": "consensus", "section_id": "raft", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "Raft — リーダー・任期・ログを明示する", "en": "Raft — making leader, term, and log explicit" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/consensus#raft", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/consensus#raft" } }, { "id": "section:consensus:byzantine", "type": "section", "slug": "consensus", "section_id": "byzantine", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "ビザンチン合意とPBFT — 嘘をつくレプリカを含める", "en": "Byzantine agreement and PBFT — including replicas that lie" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/consensus#byzantine", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/consensus#byzantine" } }, { "id": "section:consensus:nakamoto", "type": "section", "slug": "consensus", "section_id": "nakamoto", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "Nakamoto型合意 — 公開参加を資源で重み付けする", "en": "Nakamoto consensus — weighting open participation by resources" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/consensus#nakamoto", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/consensus#nakamoto" } }, { "id": "section:consensus:finality", "type": "section", "slug": "consensus", "section_id": "finality", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "ファイナリティ — 決まったことと、深く埋まったこと", "en": "Finality — chosen is not the same as deeply buried" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/consensus#finality", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/consensus#finality" } }, { "id": "section:consensus:bitcoin-roles", "type": "section", "slug": "consensus", "section_id": "bitcoin-roles", "order": 11, "label": { "ja": "ビットコインでは誰が何に合意するのか", "en": "Who agrees on what in Bitcoin?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/consensus#bitcoin-roles", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/consensus#bitcoin-roles" } }, { "id": "section:consensus:comparison", "type": "section", "slug": "consensus", "section_id": "comparison", "order": 12, "label": { "ja": "四方式を同じ物差しで読む", "en": "Reading four designs with one set of questions" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/consensus#comparison", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/consensus#comparison" } }, { "id": "topic:history", "type": "topic", "slug": "history", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインの歴史 — いつから始まったか", "en": "History of Bitcoin" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/history", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/history" }, "category": "foundations", "level": "beginner", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:history:key-facts", "type": "section", "slug": "history", "section_id": "key-facts", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "主要な事実（早見表）", "en": "Key facts at a glance" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/history#key-facts", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/history#key-facts" } }, { "id": "section:history:prehistory", "type": "section", "slug": "history", "section_id": "prehistory", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "前史 — デジタル通貨への挑戦（1980年代〜2000年代）", "en": "Prehistory: the quest for digital currency (1980s–2000s)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/history#prehistory", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/history#prehistory" } }, { "id": "section:history:cypherpunks", "type": "section", "slug": "history", "section_id": "cypherpunks", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "サイファーパンク運動", "en": "The cypherpunk movement" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/history#cypherpunks", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/history#cypherpunks" } }, { "id": "section:history:whitepaper", "type": "section", "slug": "history", "section_id": "whitepaper", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "ホワイトペーパー発表（2008年10月31日）", "en": "The whitepaper (October 31, 2008)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/history#whitepaper", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/history#whitepaper" } }, { "id": "section:history:genesis", "type": "section", "slug": "history", "section_id": "genesis", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "ジェネシスブロック（2009年1月3日）", "en": "The genesis block (January 3, 2009)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/history#genesis", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/history#genesis" } }, { "id": "section:history:pizza-day", "type": "section", "slug": "history", "section_id": "pizza-day", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "ビットコイン・ピザデー（2010年5月22日）", "en": "Bitcoin Pizza Day (May 22, 2010)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/history#pizza-day", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/history#pizza-day" } }, { "id": "section:history:early-growth", "type": "section", "slug": "history", "section_id": "early-growth", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "初期の成長と最初の取引所（2010年〜2012年）", "en": "Early growth and the first exchanges (2010–2012)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/history#early-growth", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/history#early-growth" } }, { "id": "section:history:mt-gox", "type": "section", "slug": "history", "section_id": "mt-gox", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "Mt.Gox事件と危機（2013年〜2014年）", "en": "The Mt.Gox collapse (2013–2014)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/history#mt-gox", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/history#mt-gox" } }, { "id": "section:history:scaling-debate", "type": "section", "slug": "history", "section_id": "scaling-debate", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "スケーリング論争とフォーク（2015年〜2017年）", "en": "The scaling debate and the forks (2015–2017)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/history#scaling-debate", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/history#scaling-debate" } }, { "id": "section:history:institutional", "type": "section", "slug": "history", "section_id": "institutional", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "機関投資家の参入（2018年〜2021年）", "en": "Institutional adoption (2018–2021)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/history#institutional", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/history#institutional" } }, { "id": "section:history:etf-era", "type": "section", "slug": "history", "section_id": "etf-era", "order": 11, "label": { "ja": "ETF時代と現在（2022年〜現在）", "en": "The ETF era and the present (2022–present)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/history#etf-era", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/history#etf-era" } }, { "id": "topic:blockchain", "type": "topic", "slug": "blockchain", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインのブロックチェーンとは", "en": "How Blockchain Works" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain" }, "category": "foundations", "level": "beginner", "last_updated": "2026-09-16", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:blockchain:what-is-blockchain", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain", "section_id": "what-is-blockchain", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "ブロックチェーンとは何か", "en": "What is a blockchain?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain#what-is-blockchain", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain#what-is-blockchain" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain:blocks", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain", "section_id": "blocks", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "ブロックの構造", "en": "Block structure" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain#blocks", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain#blocks" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain:hash-functions", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain", "section_id": "hash-functions", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "暗号学的ハッシュ関数", "en": "Cryptographic hash functions" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain#hash-functions", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain#hash-functions" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain:merkle-tree", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain", "section_id": "merkle-tree", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "マークルツリー", "en": "Merkle trees" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain#merkle-tree", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain#merkle-tree" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain:consensus", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain", "section_id": "consensus", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "合意形成の仕組み（コンセンサス）", "en": "Consensus mechanisms" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain#consensus", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain#consensus" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain:nodes", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain", "section_id": "nodes", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "ノードの役割", "en": "The role of nodes" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain#nodes", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain#nodes" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain:transactions", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain", "section_id": "transactions", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "トランザクションの仕組み", "en": "How transactions work" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain#transactions", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain#transactions" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain:forks", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain", "section_id": "forks", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "フォーク（分岐）", "en": "Forks" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain#forks", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain#forks" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain:security", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain", "section_id": "security", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "ブロックチェーンのセキュリティ", "en": "Blockchain security" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain#security", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain#security" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain:embedded-messages", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain", "section_id": "embedded-messages", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "ブロックチェーンに刻まれたメッセージ", "en": "Messages inscribed in the blockchain" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain#embedded-messages", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain#embedded-messages" } }, { "id": "topic:blockchain-design", "type": "topic", "slug": "blockchain-design", "label": { "ja": "ブロックチェーン設計論 — 台帳・状態・合意・実行・統治", "en": "Blockchain Design — Ledger, State, Consensus, Execution, and Governance" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain-design", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain-design" }, "category": "distributed", "level": "advanced", "last_updated": "2026-09-16", "last_verified": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "section:blockchain-design:scope", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain-design", "section_id": "scope", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "ブロックチェーンは「設計の束」である", "en": "A blockchain is a bundle of design choices" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain-design#scope", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain-design#scope" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain-design:stack", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain-design", "section_id": "stack", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "信頼前提を層に分解する", "en": "Break trust assumptions down by layer" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain-design#stack", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain-design#stack" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain-design:membership", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain-design", "section_id": "membership", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "メンバーシップとSybil耐性 — 一票を何に結び付けるか", "en": "Membership and Sybil resistance: what gives a vote its weight?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain-design#membership", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain-design#membership" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain-design:data-model", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain-design", "section_id": "data-model", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "台帳・状態・コミットメントを混同しない", "en": "Ledger, state, and commitment are not the same thing" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain-design#data-model", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain-design#data-model" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain-design:consensus-finality", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain-design", "section_id": "consensus-finality", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "合意とファイナリティ — 有効性、順序、確定の度合い", "en": "Consensus and finality: validity, order, and confidence" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain-design#consensus-finality", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain-design#consensus-finality" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain-design:execution", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain-design", "section_id": "execution", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "実行層 — 何を全員で再計算するか", "en": "Execution: what does everyone have to recompute?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain-design#execution", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain-design#execution" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain-design:data-availability", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain-design", "section_id": "data-availability", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "データ可用性 — ルートへの合意だけでは検証できない", "en": "Data availability: agreeing on a root is not enough" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain-design#data-availability", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain-design#data-availability" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain-design:oracles-bridges", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain-design", "section_id": "oracles-bridges", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "オラクルとブリッジ — 合意の外側から入る信頼", "en": "Oracles and bridges: trust that enters from outside consensus" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain-design#oracles-bridges", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain-design#oracles-bridges" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain-design:governance", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain-design", "section_id": "governance", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "ガバナンス — 仕様、実装、採用は別の層", "en": "Governance: specifications, implementations, and adoption" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain-design#governance", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain-design#governance" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain-design:permissioned", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain-design", "section_id": "permissioned", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "許可制の台帳 — 識別情報を信頼境界に置く", "en": "Permissioned ledgers: identity as the trust boundary" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain-design#permissioned", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain-design#permissioned" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain-design:adoption", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain-design", "section_id": "adoption", "order": 11, "label": { "ja": "採用判断 — 技術名ではなく脅威モデルから始める", "en": "Adoption decisions begin with a threat model" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain-design#adoption", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain-design#adoption" } }, { "id": "section:blockchain-design:bitcoin-position", "type": "section", "slug": "blockchain-design", "section_id": "bitcoin-position", "order": 12, "label": { "ja": "設計空間におけるビットコインの位置", "en": "Where Bitcoin sits in the design space" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/blockchain-design#bitcoin-position", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain-design#bitcoin-position" } }, { "id": "topic:satoshi", "type": "topic", "slug": "satoshi", "label": { "ja": "サトシ・ナカモトとは", "en": "Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/satoshi", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/satoshi" }, "category": "foundations", "level": "beginner", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-24" }, { "id": "section:satoshi:who", "type": "section", "slug": "satoshi", "section_id": "who", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "サトシ・ナカモトとは誰か", "en": "Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/satoshi#who", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/satoshi#who" } }, { "id": "section:satoshi:communications", "type": "section", "slug": "satoshi", "section_id": "communications", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "サトシの通信記録", "en": "Satoshi's communications" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/satoshi#communications", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/satoshi#communications" } }, { "id": "section:satoshi:philosophy", "type": "section", "slug": "satoshi", "section_id": "philosophy", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "サトシの思想", "en": "Satoshi's philosophy" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/satoshi#philosophy", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/satoshi#philosophy" } }, { "id": "section:satoshi:verification-methods", "type": "section", "slug": "satoshi", "section_id": "verification-methods", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "正体を検証する方法論", "en": "How identity claims are actually verified" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/satoshi#verification-methods", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/satoshi#verification-methods" } }, { "id": "section:satoshi:identity-theories", "type": "section", "slug": "satoshi", "section_id": "identity-theories", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "正体に関する主要な説", "en": "Major identity theories" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/satoshi#identity-theories", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/satoshi#identity-theories" } }, { "id": "section:satoshi:wright-ruling", "type": "section", "slug": "satoshi", "section_id": "wright-ruling", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "クレイグ・ライト説と司法判断（COPA v Wright）", "en": "The Craig Wright claim and the court ruling (COPA v Wright)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/satoshi#wright-ruling", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/satoshi#wright-ruling" } }, { "id": "section:satoshi:satoshi-coins", "type": "section", "slug": "satoshi", "section_id": "satoshi-coins", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "サトシのビットコイン", "en": "Satoshi's Bitcoin holdings" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/satoshi#satoshi-coins", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/satoshi#satoshi-coins" } }, { "id": "section:satoshi:disappearance", "type": "section", "slug": "satoshi", "section_id": "disappearance", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "サトシの失踪とその意義", "en": "The disappearance and what it meant" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/satoshi#disappearance", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/satoshi#disappearance" } }, { "id": "section:satoshi:legacy", "type": "section", "slug": "satoshi", "section_id": "legacy", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "サトシの遺産", "en": "Satoshi's legacy" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/satoshi#legacy", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/satoshi#legacy" } }, { "id": "section:satoshi:unresolved", "type": "section", "slug": "satoshi", "section_id": "unresolved", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "「わからない」ことをどう扱うか", "en": "Living with what cannot be known" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/satoshi#unresolved", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/satoshi#unresolved" } }, { "id": "topic:whitepaper", "type": "topic", "slug": "whitepaper", "label": { "ja": "ビットコイン・ホワイトペーパー逐条解説", "en": "The Bitcoin Whitepaper, Section by Section" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/whitepaper", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/whitepaper" }, "category": "foundations", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-16", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:whitepaper:intro", "type": "section", "slug": "whitepaper", "section_id": "intro", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "「白書」とは何か — 読む前に", "en": "What the whitepaper is, before you read it" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/whitepaper#intro", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/whitepaper#intro" } }, { "id": "section:whitepaper:abstract-intro", "type": "section", "slug": "whitepaper", "section_id": "abstract-intro", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "要旨と第1節「導入」— 何を問題としたか", "en": "Abstract and Section 1, \"Introduction\": framing the problem" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/whitepaper#abstract-intro", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/whitepaper#abstract-intro" } }, { "id": "section:whitepaper:transactions", "type": "section", "slug": "whitepaper", "section_id": "transactions", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "第2節「取引」と第9節「価値の統合と分割」", "en": "Section 2, \"Transactions,\" and Section 9, \"Combining and Splitting Value\"" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/whitepaper#transactions", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/whitepaper#transactions" } }, { "id": "section:whitepaper:timestamp-pow", "type": "section", "slug": "whitepaper", "section_id": "timestamp-pow", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "第3節「タイムスタンプ・サーバ」と第4節「作業証明」", "en": "Section 3, \"Timestamp Server,\" and Section 4, \"Proof-of-Work\"" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/whitepaper#timestamp-pow", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/whitepaper#timestamp-pow" } }, { "id": "section:whitepaper:network", "type": "section", "slug": "whitepaper", "section_id": "network", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "第5節「ネットワーク」— 6ステップと最長チェーン規則", "en": "Section 5, \"Network\": six steps and the longest-chain rule" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/whitepaper#network", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/whitepaper#network" } }, { "id": "section:whitepaper:incentive", "type": "section", "slug": "whitepaper", "section_id": "incentive", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "第6節「インセンティブ」— 攻撃より採掘が得になる設計", "en": "Section 6, \"Incentive\": why mining beats attacking" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/whitepaper#incentive", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/whitepaper#incentive" } }, { "id": "section:whitepaper:disk-spv", "type": "section", "slug": "whitepaper", "section_id": "disk-spv", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "第7節「ディスク容量の回収」と第8節「簡易決済検証」", "en": "Section 7, \"Reclaiming Disk Space,\" and Section 8, \"Simplified Payment Verification\"" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/whitepaper#disk-spv", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/whitepaper#disk-spv" } }, { "id": "section:whitepaper:privacy-calc", "type": "section", "slug": "whitepaper", "section_id": "privacy-calc", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "第10節「プライバシー」と第11節「計算」", "en": "Section 10, \"Privacy,\" and Section 11, \"Calculations\"" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/whitepaper#privacy-calc", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/whitepaper#privacy-calc" } }, { "id": "section:whitepaper:conclusion", "type": "section", "slug": "whitepaper", "section_id": "conclusion", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "第12節「結論」と8件の参考文献", "en": "Section 12, \"Conclusion,\" and the eight references" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/whitepaper#conclusion", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/whitepaper#conclusion" } }, { "id": "section:whitepaper:then-vs-now", "type": "section", "slug": "whitepaper", "section_id": "then-vs-now", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "白書と17年後の現実 — 実装との主な差分", "en": "Seventeen years later: the main differences from the implementation" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/whitepaper#then-vs-now", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/whitepaper#then-vs-now" } }, { "id": "topic:mining", "type": "topic", "slug": "mining", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインのマイニングとは", "en": "How Mining Works" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/mining", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/mining" }, "category": "mechanics", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "section:mining:key-facts", "type": "section", "slug": "mining", "section_id": "key-facts", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "主要な事実", "en": "Key facts" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/mining#key-facts", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/mining#key-facts" } }, { "id": "section:mining:what-is-mining", "type": "section", "slug": "mining", "section_id": "what-is-mining", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "マイニングとは何か", "en": "What is mining?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/mining#what-is-mining", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/mining#what-is-mining" } }, { "id": "section:mining:pow", "type": "section", "slug": "mining", "section_id": "pow", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "Proof of Work（作業証明）", "en": "Proof of Work" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/mining#pow", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/mining#pow" } }, { "id": "section:mining:difficulty", "type": "section", "slug": "mining", "section_id": "difficulty", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "難易度調整", "en": "Difficulty adjustment" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/mining#difficulty", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/mining#difficulty" } }, { "id": "section:mining:stale-blocks", "type": "section", "slug": "mining", "section_id": "stale-blocks", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "同時発見とステイルブロック", "en": "Simultaneous discovery and stale blocks" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/mining#stale-blocks", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/mining#stale-blocks" } }, { "id": "section:mining:hardware-evolution", "type": "section", "slug": "mining", "section_id": "hardware-evolution", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "マイニングハードウェアの進化", "en": "How mining hardware evolved" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/mining#hardware-evolution", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/mining#hardware-evolution" } }, { "id": "section:mining:mining-pools", "type": "section", "slug": "mining", "section_id": "mining-pools", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "マイニングプール", "en": "Mining pools" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/mining#mining-pools", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/mining#mining-pools" } }, { "id": "section:mining:energy", "type": "section", "slug": "mining", "section_id": "energy", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "エネルギー消費とその議論", "en": "Energy consumption and the debate" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/mining#energy", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/mining#energy" } }, { "id": "section:mining:rewards", "type": "section", "slug": "mining", "section_id": "rewards", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "ブロック報酬と手数料", "en": "Block rewards and fees" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/mining#rewards", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/mining#rewards" } }, { "id": "section:mining:quantum-threat", "type": "section", "slug": "mining", "section_id": "quantum-threat", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "量子コンピュータとマイニング", "en": "Quantum computing and mining" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/mining#quantum-threat", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/mining#quantum-threat" } }, { "id": "topic:halving", "type": "topic", "slug": "halving", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインの半減期とは", "en": "What is the Halving?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/halving", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/halving" }, "category": "mechanics", "level": "beginner", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:halving:key-facts", "type": "section", "slug": "halving", "section_id": "key-facts", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "主要な事実", "en": "Key facts" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/halving#key-facts", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/halving#key-facts" } }, { "id": "section:halving:what-is-halving", "type": "section", "slug": "halving", "section_id": "what-is-halving", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "半減期とは何か", "en": "What is the halving?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/halving#what-is-halving", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/halving#what-is-halving" } }, { "id": "section:halving:schedule", "type": "section", "slug": "halving", "section_id": "schedule", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "半減期の一覧（スケジュール）", "en": "The halving schedule" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/halving#schedule", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/halving#schedule" } }, { "id": "section:halving:supply-curve", "type": "section", "slug": "halving", "section_id": "supply-curve", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "供給曲線", "en": "The supply curve" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/halving#supply-curve", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/halving#supply-curve" } }, { "id": "section:halving:price-impact", "type": "section", "slug": "halving", "section_id": "price-impact", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "価格への影響", "en": "Price impact" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/halving#price-impact", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/halving#price-impact" } }, { "id": "section:halving:stock-to-flow", "type": "section", "slug": "halving", "section_id": "stock-to-flow", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "ストック・トゥ・フロー・モデル", "en": "The stock-to-flow model" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/halving#stock-to-flow", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/halving#stock-to-flow" } }, { "id": "section:halving:miner-economics", "type": "section", "slug": "halving", "section_id": "miner-economics", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "マイナーへの経済的影響", "en": "What the halving does to miners" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/halving#miner-economics", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/halving#miner-economics" } }, { "id": "section:halving:future-halvings", "type": "section", "slug": "halving", "section_id": "future-halvings", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "今後の半減期と長期展望", "en": "Future halvings and the long-term outlook" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/halving#future-halvings", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/halving#future-halvings" } }, { "id": "topic:economics", "type": "topic", "slug": "economics", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインの経済学", "en": "Bitcoin Economics" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/economics", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/economics" }, "category": "economics", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-16", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:economics:fixed-supply", "type": "section", "slug": "economics", "section_id": "fixed-supply", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "固定供給量の意味", "en": "What a fixed supply means" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/economics#fixed-supply", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/economics#fixed-supply" } }, { "id": "section:economics:store-of-value", "type": "section", "slug": "economics", "section_id": "store-of-value", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "価値の保存手段としてのビットコイン", "en": "Bitcoin as a store of value" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/economics#store-of-value", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/economics#store-of-value" } }, { "id": "section:economics:monetary-policy", "type": "section", "slug": "economics", "section_id": "monetary-policy", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "金融政策との比較", "en": "Compared with central bank policy" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/economics#monetary-policy", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/economics#monetary-policy" } }, { "id": "section:economics:security-budget", "type": "section", "slug": "economics", "section_id": "security-budget", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "発行量が減った後、ネットワークの安全性をどう支えるか", "en": "The price of a fixed supply: the security budget question" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/economics#security-budget", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/economics#security-budget" } }, { "id": "section:economics:volatility", "type": "section", "slug": "economics", "section_id": "volatility", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "価格変動の大きさ（ボラティリティ）", "en": "Volatility" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/economics#volatility", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/economics#volatility" } }, { "id": "section:economics:network-effects", "type": "section", "slug": "economics", "section_id": "network-effects", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "ネットワーク効果", "en": "Network effects" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/economics#network-effects", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/economics#network-effects" } }, { "id": "section:economics:adoption", "type": "section", "slug": "economics", "section_id": "adoption", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "普及の現状と課題", "en": "Adoption today, and what stands in the way" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/economics#adoption", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/economics#adoption" } }, { "id": "topic:comparisons", "type": "topic", "slug": "comparisons", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインは何と違うのか — 資産・通貨との中立比較", "en": "How Bitcoin Compares — Assets and Money, Neutrally" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/comparisons", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/comparisons" }, "category": "economics", "level": "beginner", "last_updated": "2026-09-16", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:comparisons:intro", "type": "section", "slug": "comparisons", "section_id": "intro", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "優劣ではなく、設計の違いを見る", "en": "Not which is better, but how they differ" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/comparisons#intro", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/comparisons#intro" } }, { "id": "section:comparisons:vs-cash", "type": "section", "slug": "comparisons", "section_id": "vs-cash", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "現金（法定通貨）との違い", "en": "Compared to cash and legal tender" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/comparisons#vs-cash", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/comparisons#vs-cash" } }, { "id": "section:comparisons:vs-deposit", "type": "section", "slug": "comparisons", "section_id": "vs-deposit", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "銀行預金との違い — 債権か、無記名の資産か", "en": "Compared to bank deposits: claim or bearer asset" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/comparisons#vs-deposit", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/comparisons#vs-deposit" } }, { "id": "section:comparisons:vs-gold", "type": "section", "slug": "comparisons", "section_id": "vs-gold", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "金との違い — 希少性の根拠が物理かコードか", "en": "Compared to gold: scarcity from physics or from code" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/comparisons#vs-gold", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/comparisons#vs-gold" } }, { "id": "section:comparisons:vs-stocks", "type": "section", "slug": "comparisons", "section_id": "vs-stocks", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "株式との違い — キャッシュフローの有無", "en": "Compared to equities: with and without cash flow" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/comparisons#vs-stocks", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/comparisons#vs-stocks" } }, { "id": "section:comparisons:vs-ethereum", "type": "section", "slug": "comparisons", "section_id": "vs-ethereum", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "Ethereumとの違い — 通貨かプラットフォームか", "en": "Compared to Ethereum: money or platform" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/comparisons#vs-ethereum", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/comparisons#vs-ethereum" } }, { "id": "section:comparisons:vs-altcoins-stablecoins", "type": "section", "slug": "comparisons", "section_id": "vs-altcoins-stablecoins", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "その他の暗号資産・ステーブルコインとの違い", "en": "Compared to other crypto-assets and stablecoins" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/comparisons#vs-altcoins-stablecoins", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/comparisons#vs-altcoins-stablecoins" } }, { "id": "section:comparisons:vs-cbdc", "type": "section", "slug": "comparisons", "section_id": "vs-cbdc", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "CBDC（中央銀行デジタル通貨）との違い", "en": "Compared to CBDCs: central bank digital currency" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/comparisons#vs-cbdc", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/comparisons#vs-cbdc" } }, { "id": "section:comparisons:vs-payments", "type": "section", "slug": "comparisons", "section_id": "vs-payments", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "クレジットカード・電子マネーとの違い — 巻き戻せるかどうか", "en": "Compared to cards and e-money: whether a payment can be undone" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/comparisons#vs-payments", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/comparisons#vs-payments" } }, { "id": "section:comparisons:summary", "type": "section", "slug": "comparisons", "section_id": "summary", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "まとめ — 軸ごとの一覧と、選ぶのは読者", "en": "Summary: the axes side by side, and the choice you make" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/comparisons#summary", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/comparisons#summary" } }, { "id": "topic:acquire", "type": "topic", "slug": "acquire", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインの入手と手放し — 仕組みの中立解説", "en": "Acquiring and Disposing of Bitcoin — How It Works, Neutrally" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/acquire", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/acquire" }, "category": "context", "level": "beginner", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:acquire:why-no-ranking", "type": "section", "slug": "acquire", "section_id": "why-no-ranking", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "なぜ「おすすめ取引所ランキング」を作らないか", "en": "Why this site publishes no \"best exchange\" ranking" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/acquire#why-no-ranking", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/acquire#why-no-ranking" } }, { "id": "section:acquire:paths", "type": "section", "slug": "acquire", "section_id": "paths", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "入手経路の全体像", "en": "The full map of acquisition paths" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/acquire#paths", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/acquire#paths" } }, { "id": "section:acquire:exchange-vs-broker", "type": "section", "slug": "acquire", "section_id": "exchange-vs-broker", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "「販売所」と「取引所」の構造差", "en": "Dealer desks versus order books" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/acquire#exchange-vs-broker", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/acquire#exchange-vs-broker" } }, { "id": "section:acquire:kyc", "type": "section", "slug": "acquire", "section_id": "kyc", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "口座開設と本人確認 — なぜ必須なのか", "en": "Opening an account: why identity verification is mandatory" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/acquire#kyc", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/acquire#kyc" } }, { "id": "section:acquire:verify-registration", "type": "section", "slug": "acquire", "section_id": "verify-registration", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "業者選びの唯一の客観基準 — 登録の確認手順", "en": "The one objective criterion: how to verify registration" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/acquire#verify-registration", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/acquire#verify-registration" } }, { "id": "section:acquire:flow-fees", "type": "section", "slug": "acquire", "section_id": "flow-fees", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "入金・購入・出金の流れと手数料の種類", "en": "Deposit, purchase, withdrawal, and the four kinds of fees" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/acquire#flow-fees", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/acquire#flow-fees" } }, { "id": "section:acquire:sell", "type": "section", "slug": "acquire", "section_id": "sell", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "売却と日本円出金 — 課税タイミングとの接続", "en": "Selling and cashing out: where taxation attaches" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/acquire#sell", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/acquire#sell" } }, { "id": "section:acquire:offshore-dex", "type": "section", "slug": "acquire", "section_id": "offshore-dex", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "海外取引所とDEXの位置づけ", "en": "Offshore exchanges and DEXs" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/acquire#offshore-dex", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/acquire#offshore-dex" } }, { "id": "section:acquire:start-small", "type": "section", "slug": "acquire", "section_id": "start-small", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "少額から始めるという考え方", "en": "Starting small as a method, not an amount" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/acquire#start-small", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/acquire#start-small" } }, { "id": "section:acquire:summary", "type": "section", "slug": "acquire", "section_id": "summary", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "まとめ — 確認できることと、できないこと", "en": "Summary: what can be verified and what cannot" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/acquire#summary", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/acquire#summary" } }, { "id": "topic:wallets", "type": "topic", "slug": "wallets", "label": { "ja": "ウォレットと安全管理", "en": "Wallets & Security" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/wallets", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/wallets" }, "category": "safety", "level": "beginner", "last_updated": "2026-09-16", "last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "section:wallets:what-is-wallet", "type": "section", "slug": "wallets", "section_id": "what-is-wallet", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "ビットコインウォレットとは", "en": "What is a Bitcoin wallet?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/wallets#what-is-wallet", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/wallets#what-is-wallet" } }, { "id": "section:wallets:hot-wallets", "type": "section", "slug": "wallets", "section_id": "hot-wallets", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "ホットウォレット", "en": "Hot wallets" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/wallets#hot-wallets", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/wallets#hot-wallets" } }, { "id": "section:wallets:cold-wallets", "type": "section", "slug": "wallets", "section_id": "cold-wallets", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "コールドウォレット", "en": "Cold wallets" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/wallets#cold-wallets", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/wallets#cold-wallets" } }, { "id": "section:wallets:seed-phrase", "type": "section", "slug": "wallets", "section_id": "seed-phrase", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "シードフレーズ（リカバリーフレーズ）", "en": "Seed phrases (recovery phrases)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/wallets#seed-phrase", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/wallets#seed-phrase" } }, { "id": "section:wallets:recovery-check", "type": "section", "slug": "wallets", "section_id": "recovery-check", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "復元の前に確かめる3つのこと", "en": "Three checks before recovering a wallet" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/wallets#recovery-check", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/wallets#recovery-check" } }, { "id": "section:wallets:hd-wallets", "type": "section", "slug": "wallets", "section_id": "hd-wallets", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "1つのシードから鍵の木 — HDウォレット（BIP-32/44）", "en": "One seed, a tree of keys: HD wallets (BIP-32/44)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/wallets#hd-wallets", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/wallets#hd-wallets" } }, { "id": "section:wallets:multisig-psbt", "type": "section", "slug": "wallets", "section_id": "multisig-psbt", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "マルチシグとPSBT — 鍵を1本にしない", "en": "Multisig and PSBT: not betting everything on one key" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/wallets#multisig-psbt", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/wallets#multisig-psbt" } }, { "id": "section:wallets:custodial-vs-non-custodial", "type": "section", "slug": "wallets", "section_id": "custodial-vs-non-custodial", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "鍵を事業者に預けるか、自分で管理するか", "en": "Custodial versus non-custodial" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/wallets#custodial-vs-non-custodial", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/wallets#custodial-vs-non-custodial" } }, { "id": "section:wallets:security-best-practices", "type": "section", "slug": "wallets", "section_id": "security-best-practices", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "セキュリティのベストプラクティス", "en": "Security practices worth adopting" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/wallets#security-best-practices", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/wallets#security-best-practices" } }, { "id": "section:wallets:common-scams", "type": "section", "slug": "wallets", "section_id": "common-scams", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "よくある詐欺と対策", "en": "Common scams, and how to avoid them" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/wallets#common-scams", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/wallets#common-scams" } }, { "id": "topic:irreversibility", "type": "topic", "slug": "irreversibility", "label": { "ja": "なぜ失うと取り戻せないのか — ビットコインの不可逆性", "en": "Why Lost Bitcoin Cannot Be Recovered — Irreversibility Explained" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/irreversibility", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/irreversibility" }, "category": "safety", "level": "beginner", "last_updated": "2026-09-16", "last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "section:irreversibility:no-undo-button", "type": "section", "slug": "irreversibility", "section_id": "no-undo-button", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "「取り消しボタン」が存在しない世界", "en": "A world without an undo button" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/irreversibility#no-undo-button", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/irreversibility#no-undo-button" } }, { "id": "section:irreversibility:why-math", "type": "section", "slug": "irreversibility", "section_id": "why-math", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "数学的な理由 — 誰にも復元できない", "en": "The mathematical reason no one can restore it" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/irreversibility#why-math", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/irreversibility#why-math" } }, { "id": "section:irreversibility:no-chargeback", "type": "section", "slug": "irreversibility", "section_id": "no-chargeback", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "送金の不可逆性 — 承認された取引は巻き戻せない", "en": "Irreversible payments: confirmed transactions cannot be rolled back" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/irreversibility#no-chargeback", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/irreversibility#no-chargeback" } }, { "id": "section:irreversibility:how-lost", "type": "section", "slug": "irreversibility", "section_id": "how-lost", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "失われ方の類型 — どこで失われるのか", "en": "How coins are lost" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/irreversibility#how-lost", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/irreversibility#how-lost" } }, { "id": "section:irreversibility:how-much-lost", "type": "section", "slug": "irreversibility", "section_id": "how-much-lost", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "どれだけ失われたのか — 推計の幅を読む", "en": "How much is lost, and how to read the range" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/irreversibility#how-much-lost", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/irreversibility#how-much-lost" } }, { "id": "section:irreversibility:recovery-scam", "type": "section", "slug": "irreversibility", "section_id": "recovery-scam", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "「取り戻せます」と言う相手を疑う", "en": "Doubt anyone who says they can recover it" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/irreversibility#recovery-scam", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/irreversibility#recovery-scam" } }, { "id": "section:irreversibility:sovereignty", "type": "section", "slug": "irreversibility", "section_id": "sovereignty", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "自己主権の意味 — 自由と責任は同じ設計から来る", "en": "What self-sovereignty means: freedom and responsibility share one design" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/irreversibility#sovereignty", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/irreversibility#sovereignty" } }, { "id": "section:irreversibility:defense", "type": "section", "slug": "irreversibility", "section_id": "defense", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "現実的な防衛線 — 失う確率を下げる", "en": "Practical defenses that lower the odds of loss" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/irreversibility#defense", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/irreversibility#defense" } }, { "id": "section:irreversibility:missend", "type": "section", "slug": "irreversibility", "section_id": "missend", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "誤送金を防ぐ実務", "en": "The practice of not sending to the wrong place" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/irreversibility#missend", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/irreversibility#missend" } }, { "id": "section:irreversibility:summary", "type": "section", "slug": "irreversibility", "section_id": "summary", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "不可逆性は欠陥ではなく設計", "en": "Irreversibility is design, not defect" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/irreversibility#summary", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/irreversibility#summary" } }, { "id": "topic:scams", "type": "topic", "slug": "scams", "label": { "ja": "ビットコイン詐欺の手口と自衛", "en": "Bitcoin Scams — Tactics and How to Protect Yourself" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/scams", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/scams" }, "category": "safety", "level": "beginner", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:scams:intro", "type": "section", "slug": "scams", "section_id": "intro", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "なぜ本サイトが詐欺を正面から扱うか", "en": "Why this site addresses fraud directly" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/scams#intro", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/scams#intro" } }, { "id": "section:scams:statistics", "type": "section", "slug": "scams", "section_id": "statistics", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "被害の現状——公的統計が示す規模", "en": "The current picture: what the official statistics show" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/scams#statistics", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/scams#statistics" } }, { "id": "section:scams:sns-romance", "type": "section", "slug": "scams", "section_id": "sns-romance", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "SNS型投資詐欺とロマンス詐欺", "en": "Social-media investment fraud and romance fraud" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/scams#sns-romance", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/scams#sns-romance" } }, { "id": "section:scams:phishing-fake", "type": "section", "slug": "scams", "section_id": "phishing-fake", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "フィッシング・偽ウォレット・偽サポート・偽広告", "en": "Phishing, fake wallets, fake support, and fake advertising" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/scams#phishing-fake", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/scams#phishing-fake" } }, { "id": "section:scams:ponzi-hyip", "type": "section", "slug": "scams", "section_id": "ponzi-hyip", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "高利回り保証・ポンジ型・マルチ商法型", "en": "Guaranteed yields, Ponzi schemes, and referral pyramids" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/scams#ponzi-hyip", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/scams#ponzi-hyip" } }, { "id": "section:scams:verify-operators", "type": "section", "slug": "scams", "section_id": "verify-operators", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "無登録業者の見分け方——金融庁の一覧で確認する", "en": "Identifying unregistered operators: check the FSA list" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/scams#verify-operators", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/scams#verify-operators" } }, { "id": "section:scams:recovery-scams", "type": "section", "slug": "scams", "section_id": "recovery-scams", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "二次被害——「取り戻します」という次の詐欺", "en": "Secondary victimization: the \"we'll get it back\" scam" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/scams#recovery-scams", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/scams#recovery-scams" } }, { "id": "section:scams:if-victimized", "type": "section", "slug": "scams", "section_id": "if-victimized", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "被害に遭ったら——窓口と証拠保全", "en": "If you have been victimized: helplines and preserving evidence" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/scams#if-victimized", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/scams#if-victimized" } }, { "id": "section:scams:checklist", "type": "section", "slug": "scams", "section_id": "checklist", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "予防チェックリスト", "en": "Prevention checklist" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/scams#checklist", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/scams#checklist" } }, { "id": "section:scams:summary", "type": "section", "slug": "scams", "section_id": "summary", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "家族を守るという視点で", "en": "Seen as a matter of protecting your family" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/scams#summary", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/scams#summary" } }, { "id": "topic:security", "type": "topic", "slug": "security", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインは安全か — 何が守られ、何が守られないか", "en": "Is Bitcoin Safe? What Is Protected and What Is Not" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/security", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/security" }, "category": "safety", "level": "beginner", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "section:security:four-layers", "type": "section", "slug": "security", "section_id": "four-layers", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "「安全」を4つの層に分ける", "en": "Splitting \"safe\" into four layers" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/security#four-layers", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/security#four-layers" } }, { "id": "section:security:protocol-layer", "type": "section", "slug": "security", "section_id": "protocol-layer", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "プロトコル層 — 17年以上、破られていないもの", "en": "The protocol layer — what 17-plus years has held" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/security#protocol-layer", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/security#protocol-layer" } }, { "id": "section:security:protocol-exceptions", "type": "section", "slug": "security", "section_id": "protocol-exceptions", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "その例外 — 実際に起きたバグと、なぜ復旧したか", "en": "The exceptions — bugs that did happen, and why the network recovered" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/security#protocol-exceptions", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/security#protocol-exceptions" } }, { "id": "section:security:custody-layer", "type": "section", "slug": "security", "section_id": "custody-layer", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "保管層 — 最も多くが失われてきた場所", "en": "The custody layer — where most of it has actually been lost" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/security#custody-layer", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/security#custody-layer" } }, { "id": "section:security:counterparty-layer", "type": "section", "slug": "security", "section_id": "counterparty-layer", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "取引相手・預け先の層 — 事件の記録が示すもの", "en": "The counterparty layer — what the incident record shows" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/security#counterparty-layer", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/security#counterparty-layer" } }, { "id": "section:security:institutional-layer", "type": "section", "slug": "security", "section_id": "institutional-layer", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "制度の層 — 日本で使える保護と、その限界", "en": "The institutional layer — the protection Japan offers, and its limits" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/security#institutional-layer", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/security#institutional-layer" } }, { "id": "section:security:self-defense", "type": "section", "slug": "security", "section_id": "self-defense", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "自衛の要点 — 効果の大きい順に", "en": "Self-defense, in order of effect" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/security#self-defense", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/security#self-defense" } }, { "id": "section:security:faq", "type": "section", "slug": "security", "section_id": "faq", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "よくある質問", "en": "Frequently asked questions" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/security#faq", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/security#faq" } }, { "id": "section:security:summary", "type": "section", "slug": "security", "section_id": "summary", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "まとめ — 「安全か」への答え方", "en": "In summary — how to answer \"is it safe?\"" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/security#summary", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/security#summary" } }, { "id": "topic:inheritance", "type": "topic", "slug": "inheritance", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインの相続と引き継ぎ", "en": "Bitcoin Inheritance and Estate Planning" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/inheritance", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/inheritance" }, "category": "safety", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:inheritance:why-inheritance", "type": "section", "slug": "inheritance", "section_id": "why-inheritance", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "なぜ相続を独立して扱うのか", "en": "Why inheritance deserves its own topic" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/inheritance#why-inheritance", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/inheritance#why-inheritance" } }, { "id": "section:inheritance:as-estate", "type": "section", "slug": "inheritance", "section_id": "as-estate", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "相続財産としての暗号資産", "en": "Crypto assets as inherited property" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/inheritance#as-estate", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/inheritance#as-estate" } }, { "id": "section:inheritance:key-problem", "type": "section", "slug": "inheritance", "section_id": "key-problem", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "鍵が遺族に伝わらないという問題", "en": "When the keys never reach the family" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/inheritance#key-problem", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/inheritance#key-problem" } }, { "id": "section:inheritance:planning", "type": "section", "slug": "inheritance", "section_id": "planning", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "生前設計の基本 — 情報の設計", "en": "Lifetime planning: designing the information" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/inheritance#planning", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/inheritance#planning" } }, { "id": "section:inheritance:technical-tools", "type": "section", "slug": "inheritance", "section_id": "technical-tools", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "技術的な手段の類型とトレードオフ", "en": "Technical options and their trade-offs" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/inheritance#technical-tools", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/inheritance#technical-tools" } }, { "id": "section:inheritance:exchange-procedure", "type": "section", "slug": "inheritance", "section_id": "exchange-procedure", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "取引所口座の相続手続き", "en": "Inheriting an exchange account" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/inheritance#exchange-procedure", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/inheritance#exchange-procedure" } }, { "id": "section:inheritance:self-custody", "type": "section", "slug": "inheritance", "section_id": "self-custody", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "自己管理ウォレットの相続実務", "en": "Self-custody in practice" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/inheritance#self-custody", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/inheritance#self-custody" } }, { "id": "section:inheritance:business", "type": "section", "slug": "inheritance", "section_id": "business", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "法人・事業承継の論点", "en": "Corporate holdings and business succession" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/inheritance#business", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/inheritance#business" } }, { "id": "section:inheritance:global", "type": "section", "slug": "inheritance", "section_id": "global", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "海外の動向 — デジタル遺産の法制化", "en": "International trends in digital estate law" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/inheritance#global", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/inheritance#global" } }, { "id": "section:inheritance:summary", "type": "section", "slug": "inheritance", "section_id": "summary", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "まとめ — 生前にできることと期限", "en": "Summary: what to do while you can, and the deadlines" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/inheritance#summary", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/inheritance#summary" } }, { "id": "topic:supply", "type": "topic", "slug": "supply", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインの発行スケジュール", "en": "Bitcoin's Controlled Supply" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supply", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supply" }, "category": "mechanics", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-16", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:supply:total-supply", "type": "section", "slug": "supply", "section_id": "total-supply", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "総供給量：なぜ正確に2,100万ではないのか", "en": "Total supply: why not exactly 21 million?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supply#total-supply", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supply#total-supply" } }, { "id": "section:supply:reward-schedule", "type": "section", "slug": "supply", "section_id": "reward-schedule", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "報酬スケジュール：33回の半減期", "en": "Reward schedule: 33 halvings" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supply#reward-schedule", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supply#reward-schedule" } }, { "id": "section:supply:supply-milestones", "type": "section", "slug": "supply", "section_id": "supply-milestones", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "供給マイルストーン", "en": "Supply milestones" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supply#supply-milestones", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supply#supply-milestones" } }, { "id": "section:supply:lost-coins", "type": "section", "slug": "supply", "section_id": "lost-coins", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "失われたコイン：実質的な供給量", "en": "Lost coins: the effective supply" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supply#lost-coins", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supply#lost-coins" } }, { "id": "section:supply:post-mining", "type": "section", "slug": "supply", "section_id": "post-mining", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "2140年以降：手数料経済への移行", "en": "After 2140: transition to a fee economy" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supply#post-mining", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supply#post-mining" } }, { "id": "section:supply:divisibility", "type": "section", "slug": "supply", "section_id": "divisibility", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "分割可能性とデフレ設計", "en": "Divisibility and deflationary design" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/supply#divisibility", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supply#divisibility" } }, { "id": "topic:myths", "type": "topic", "slug": "myths", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインの誤解と真実", "en": "Bitcoin Myths & Facts" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/myths", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/myths" }, "category": "context", "level": "beginner", "last_updated": "2026-09-16", "last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "section:myths:scope", "type": "section", "slug": "myths", "section_id": "scope", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "本記事の役割 — 誤解の訂正に絞る", "en": "What this article does: correcting misconceptions" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/myths#scope", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/myths#scope" } }, { "id": "section:myths:ponzi", "type": "section", "slug": "myths", "section_id": "ponzi", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "「ポンジスキームである」", "en": "\"It's a Ponzi scheme\"" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/myths#ponzi", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/myths#ponzi" } }, { "id": "section:myths:intrinsic-value", "type": "section", "slug": "myths", "section_id": "intrinsic-value", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "「本質的な価値がない」", "en": "\"It has no intrinsic value\"" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/myths#intrinsic-value", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/myths#intrinsic-value" } }, { "id": "section:myths:criminal-use", "type": "section", "slug": "myths", "section_id": "criminal-use", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "「犯罪者のためのツールである」", "en": "\"It's a tool for criminals\"" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/myths#criminal-use", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/myths#criminal-use" } }, { "id": "section:myths:energy-waste", "type": "section", "slug": "myths", "section_id": "energy-waste", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "「エネルギーの無駄遣いである」", "en": "\"It's a waste of energy\"" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/myths#energy-waste", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/myths#energy-waste" } }, { "id": "section:myths:bubble", "type": "section", "slug": "myths", "section_id": "bubble", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "「バブルであり、いずれ崩壊する」", "en": "\"It's a bubble that will pop\"" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/myths#bubble", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/myths#bubble" } }, { "id": "section:myths:too-late", "type": "section", "slug": "myths", "section_id": "too-late", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "「今から始めるには遅すぎる」", "en": "\"It's too late to start\"" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/myths#too-late", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/myths#too-late" } }, { "id": "section:myths:quantum", "type": "section", "slug": "myths", "section_id": "quantum", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "「量子コンピュータに破られる」", "en": "\"Quantum computers will break it\"" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/myths#quantum", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/myths#quantum" } }, { "id": "section:myths:government-ban", "type": "section", "slug": "myths", "section_id": "government-ban", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "「政府が禁止できる」", "en": "\"Governments can ban it\"" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/myths#government-ban", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/myths#government-ban" } }, { "id": "section:myths:not-scalable", "type": "section", "slug": "myths", "section_id": "not-scalable", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "「スケールしない・遅い」", "en": "\"It doesn't scale / too slow\"" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/myths#not-scalable", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/myths#not-scalable" } }, { "id": "topic:glossary", "type": "topic", "slug": "glossary", "label": { "ja": "ビットコイン用語集 & Script入門", "en": "Bitcoin Glossary & Script Primer" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/glossary", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/glossary" }, "category": "context", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "section:glossary:basic-terms", "type": "section", "slug": "glossary", "section_id": "basic-terms", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "基本用語", "en": "Basic terms" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/glossary#basic-terms", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/glossary#basic-terms" } }, { "id": "section:glossary:cryptographic-terms", "type": "section", "slug": "glossary", "section_id": "cryptographic-terms", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "暗号学関連用語", "en": "Cryptographic terms" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/glossary#cryptographic-terms", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/glossary#cryptographic-terms" } }, { "id": "section:glossary:mining-terms", "type": "section", "slug": "glossary", "section_id": "mining-terms", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "マイニング関連用語", "en": "Mining terms" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/glossary#mining-terms", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/glossary#mining-terms" } }, { "id": "section:glossary:transaction-terms", "type": "section", "slug": "glossary", "section_id": "transaction-terms", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "トランザクション関連用語", "en": "Transaction terms" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/glossary#transaction-terms", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/glossary#transaction-terms" } }, { "id": "section:glossary:network-terms", "type": "section", "slug": "glossary", "section_id": "network-terms", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "ネットワーク関連用語", "en": "Network terms" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/glossary#network-terms", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/glossary#network-terms" } }, { "id": "section:glossary:bitcoin-script", "type": "section", "slug": "glossary", "section_id": "bitcoin-script", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "Bitcoin Script とは", "en": "What is Bitcoin Script?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/glossary#bitcoin-script", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/glossary#bitcoin-script" } }, { "id": "section:glossary:script-types", "type": "section", "slug": "glossary", "section_id": "script-types", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "標準トランザクションタイプ", "en": "Standard transaction types" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/glossary#script-types", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/glossary#script-types" } }, { "id": "section:glossary:key-opcodes", "type": "section", "slug": "glossary", "section_id": "key-opcodes", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "主要なオペコード", "en": "Key opcodes" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/glossary#key-opcodes", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/glossary#key-opcodes" } }, { "id": "section:glossary:upgrade-terms", "type": "section", "slug": "glossary", "section_id": "upgrade-terms", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "プロトコル・アップグレード関連用語", "en": "Protocol upgrade terms" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/glossary#upgrade-terms", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/glossary#upgrade-terms" } }, { "id": "section:glossary:security-concepts", "type": "section", "slug": "glossary", "section_id": "security-concepts", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "セキュリティ概念", "en": "Security concepts" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/glossary#security-concepts", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/glossary#security-concepts" } }, { "id": "section:glossary:wallet-custody-terms", "type": "section", "slug": "glossary", "section_id": "wallet-custody-terms", "order": 11, "label": { "ja": "ウォレット・保管関連用語", "en": "Wallet & custody terms" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/glossary#wallet-custody-terms", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/glossary#wallet-custody-terms" } }, { "id": "section:glossary:ecosystem-terms", "type": "section", "slug": "glossary", "section_id": "ecosystem-terms", "order": 12, "label": { "ja": "エコシステム・市場関連用語", "en": "Ecosystem & market terms" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/glossary#ecosystem-terms", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/glossary#ecosystem-terms" } }, { "id": "topic:privacy", "type": "topic", "slug": "privacy", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインの匿名性とプライバシー", "en": "Privacy & Anonymity" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/privacy", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/privacy" }, "category": "safety", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-16", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:privacy:pseudonymity", "type": "section", "slug": "privacy", "section_id": "pseudonymity", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "実名が出なくても、取引履歴は公開される", "en": "Pseudonymous, not anonymous" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/privacy#pseudonymity", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/privacy#pseudonymity" } }, { "id": "section:privacy:chain-analysis", "type": "section", "slug": "privacy", "section_id": "chain-analysis", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "チェーン分析の手法", "en": "Chain analysis techniques" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/privacy#chain-analysis", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/privacy#chain-analysis" } }, { "id": "section:privacy:address-reuse", "type": "section", "slug": "privacy", "section_id": "address-reuse", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "アドレス再利用の危険性", "en": "The danger of address reuse" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/privacy#address-reuse", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/privacy#address-reuse" } }, { "id": "section:privacy:privacy-techniques", "type": "section", "slug": "privacy", "section_id": "privacy-techniques", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "プライバシー保護技術", "en": "Privacy-enhancing technologies" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/privacy#privacy-techniques", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/privacy#privacy-techniques" } }, { "id": "section:privacy:privacy-best-practices", "type": "section", "slug": "privacy", "section_id": "privacy-best-practices", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "プライバシーのベストプラクティス", "en": "Privacy best practices" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/privacy#privacy-best-practices", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/privacy#privacy-best-practices" } }, { "id": "section:privacy:taproot-privacy", "type": "section", "slug": "privacy", "section_id": "taproot-privacy", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "Taprootとプライバシーの進化", "en": "Taproot and the evolution of privacy" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/privacy#taproot-privacy", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/privacy#taproot-privacy" } }, { "id": "section:privacy:privacy-pressure-2024", "type": "section", "slug": "privacy", "section_id": "privacy-pressure-2024", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "プライバシーウォレットへの規制圧力（2024-2026）", "en": "Regulatory pressure on privacy wallets (2024–2026)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/privacy#privacy-pressure-2024", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/privacy#privacy-pressure-2024" } }, { "id": "section:privacy:silent-payments", "type": "section", "slug": "privacy", "section_id": "silent-payments", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "Silent Paymentsと次世代プライバシー（BIP-352）", "en": "Silent Payments & next-generation privacy (BIP-352)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/privacy#silent-payments", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/privacy#silent-payments" } }, { "id": "topic:lightning", "type": "topic", "slug": "lightning", "label": { "ja": "Lightning Network入門", "en": "Lightning Network Primer" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/lightning", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/lightning" }, "category": "scaling", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:lightning:what-is-lightning", "type": "section", "slug": "lightning", "section_id": "what-is-lightning", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "Lightning Networkとは", "en": "What is the Lightning Network?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/lightning#what-is-lightning", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/lightning#what-is-lightning" } }, { "id": "section:lightning:payment-channels", "type": "section", "slug": "lightning", "section_id": "payment-channels", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "支払いチャネルの仕組み", "en": "How payment channels work" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/lightning#payment-channels", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/lightning#payment-channels" } }, { "id": "section:lightning:routing", "type": "section", "slug": "lightning", "section_id": "routing", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "マルチホップルーティング", "en": "Multi-hop routing" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/lightning#routing", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/lightning#routing" } }, { "id": "section:lightning:htlc", "type": "section", "slug": "lightning", "section_id": "htlc", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "HTLCの仕組み", "en": "How HTLCs work" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/lightning#htlc", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/lightning#htlc" } }, { "id": "section:lightning:revocation", "type": "section", "slug": "lightning", "section_id": "revocation", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "取り消し機構とペナルティ", "en": "Revocation and penalties" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/lightning#revocation", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/lightning#revocation" } }, { "id": "section:lightning:wallet-types", "type": "section", "slug": "lightning", "section_id": "wallet-types", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "ウォレットの2類型 — 誰が鍵を持つか", "en": "Two kinds of wallet: who holds the keys" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/lightning#wallet-types", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/lightning#wallet-types" } }, { "id": "section:lightning:use-cases", "type": "section", "slug": "lightning", "section_id": "use-cases", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "ユースケースと現状", "en": "Use cases & current state" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/lightning#use-cases", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/lightning#use-cases" } }, { "id": "section:lightning:limitations", "type": "section", "slug": "lightning", "section_id": "limitations", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "課題と限界", "en": "Challenges & limitations" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/lightning#limitations", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/lightning#limitations" } }, { "id": "section:lightning:taproot-assets", "type": "section", "slug": "lightning", "section_id": "taproot-assets", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "Taproot Assetsとステーブルコイン", "en": "Taproot Assets and stablecoins" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/lightning#taproot-assets", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/lightning#taproot-assets" } }, { "id": "topic:payments", "type": "topic", "slug": "payments", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインで支払う — 決済の現在地", "en": "Paying with Bitcoin — The State of Payments" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/payments", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/payments" }, "category": "context", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-16", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:payments:intro", "type": "section", "slug": "payments", "section_id": "intro", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "「使える」とはどういう状態か", "en": "What \"usable\" actually means" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/payments#intro", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/payments#intro" } }, { "id": "section:payments:how-it-works", "type": "section", "slug": "payments", "section_id": "how-it-works", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "支払いはどう成立するのか", "en": "How a payment is settled" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/payments#how-it-works", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/payments#how-it-works" } }, { "id": "section:payments:onchain-vs-lightning", "type": "section", "slug": "payments", "section_id": "onchain-vs-lightning", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "オンチェーンとLightningの使い分け", "en": "On-chain vs. Lightning" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/payments#onchain-vs-lightning", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/payments#onchain-vs-lightning" } }, { "id": "section:payments:where-world", "type": "section", "slug": "payments", "section_id": "where-world", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "世界で使える場所 — 地図が示すもの", "en": "Where it works worldwide: what the maps show" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/payments#where-world", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/payments#where-world" } }, { "id": "section:payments:where-japan", "type": "section", "slug": "payments", "section_id": "where-japan", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "日本の現在地", "en": "Where Japan stands" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/payments#where-japan", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/payments#where-japan" } }, { "id": "section:payments:merchant-side", "type": "section", "slug": "payments", "section_id": "merchant-side", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "受け取る側 — 決済プロセッサの類型", "en": "The receiving side: types of payment processors" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/payments#merchant-side", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/payments#merchant-side" } }, { "id": "section:payments:stablecoin-lightning", "type": "section", "slug": "payments", "section_id": "stablecoin-lightning", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "Lightning上のステーブルコイン", "en": "Stablecoins on Lightning" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/payments#stablecoin-lightning", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/payments#stablecoin-lightning" } }, { "id": "section:payments:friction", "type": "section", "slug": "payments", "section_id": "friction", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "普及の摩擦 — 何が使いにくさを作っているか", "en": "Friction: what makes it hard to use" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/payments#friction", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/payments#friction" } }, { "id": "section:payments:outlook", "type": "section", "slug": "payments", "section_id": "outlook", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "展望 — 二つの読み方", "en": "Outlook: two readings" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/payments#outlook", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/payments#outlook" } }, { "id": "section:payments:summary", "type": "section", "slug": "payments", "section_id": "summary", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "まとめ — 決済としてのビットコインの現在地", "en": "Summary: where Bitcoin payments stand" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/payments#summary", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/payments#summary" } }, { "id": "topic:sending", "type": "topic", "slug": "sending", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインを送る — 受け取りから着金確認までの実務", "en": "Sending Bitcoin — From Receiving an Address to Confirming Arrival" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/sending", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/sending" }, "category": "context", "level": "beginner", "last_updated": "2026-09-13", "last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "section:sending:overview", "type": "section", "slug": "sending", "section_id": "overview", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "送金の全体像 — 5つのステップ", "en": "The whole procedure in five steps" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/sending#overview", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/sending#overview" } }, { "id": "section:sending:units-and-network", "type": "section", "slug": "sending", "section_id": "units-and-network", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "BTCとsat、送るネットワークを分けて読む", "en": "Distinguish BTC, sat, and the payment network" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/sending#units-and-network", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/sending#units-and-network" } }, { "id": "section:sending:get-address", "type": "section", "slug": "sending", "section_id": "get-address", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "宛先を受け取る — アドレスの形式とQRコード", "en": "Receiving the destination — address formats and QR codes" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/sending#get-address", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/sending#get-address" } }, { "id": "section:sending:verify-address", "type": "section", "slug": "sending", "section_id": "verify-address", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "宛先を検証する — 何が自動で弾かれ、何が弾かれないか", "en": "Verifying the destination — what gets caught automatically and what does not" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/sending#verify-address", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/sending#verify-address" } }, { "id": "section:sending:fees", "type": "section", "slug": "sending", "section_id": "fees", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "金額と手数料を決める — sat/vB とお釣り", "en": "Choosing amount and fee — sat/vB and change" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/sending#fees", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/sending#fees" } }, { "id": "section:sending:before-send", "type": "section", "slug": "sending", "section_id": "before-send", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "送信前の最終確認 — 取り消せない一線", "en": "The final check — the line you cannot cross back over" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/sending#before-send", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/sending#before-send" } }, { "id": "section:sending:confirmations", "type": "section", "slug": "sending", "section_id": "confirmations", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "送信後 — 承認と着金の見方", "en": "After broadcasting — reading confirmations and arrival" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/sending#confirmations", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/sending#confirmations" } }, { "id": "section:sending:stuck", "type": "section", "slug": "sending", "section_id": "stuck", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "届かない・遅いとき — RBF と CPFP", "en": "When it stalls — RBF and CPFP" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/sending#stuck", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/sending#stuck" } }, { "id": "section:sending:test-and-edge-cases", "type": "section", "slug": "sending", "section_id": "test-and-edge-cases", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "テスト送金と、つまずきやすい場面", "en": "Test sends, and the situations that trip people up" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/sending#test-and-edge-cases", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/sending#test-and-edge-cases" } }, { "id": "section:sending:summary", "type": "section", "slug": "sending", "section_id": "summary", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "まとめ — 手順で下げられるもの、下げられないもの", "en": "In summary — what a procedure can lower, and what it cannot" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/sending#summary", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/sending#summary" } }, { "id": "topic:transactions", "type": "topic", "slug": "transactions", "label": { "ja": "トランザクションの深層", "en": "Transactions Deep Dive" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/transactions", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/transactions" }, "category": "mechanics", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:transactions:utxo-model", "type": "section", "slug": "transactions", "section_id": "utxo-model", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "UTXOモデル：口座残高ではない", "en": "The UTXO model: no account balances" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/transactions#utxo-model", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/transactions#utxo-model" } }, { "id": "section:transactions:tx-structure", "type": "section", "slug": "transactions", "section_id": "tx-structure", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "トランザクション構造", "en": "Transaction structure" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/transactions#tx-structure", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/transactions#tx-structure" } }, { "id": "section:transactions:tx-validation", "type": "section", "slug": "transactions", "section_id": "tx-validation", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "トランザクション検証プロセス", "en": "Transaction validation process" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/transactions#tx-validation", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/transactions#tx-validation" } }, { "id": "section:transactions:fees", "type": "section", "slug": "transactions", "section_id": "fees", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "手数料の仕組み", "en": "How fees work" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/transactions#fees", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/transactions#fees" } }, { "id": "section:transactions:confirmations", "type": "section", "slug": "transactions", "section_id": "confirmations", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "確認と最終性", "en": "Confirmations & finality" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/transactions#confirmations", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/transactions#confirmations" } }, { "id": "section:transactions:segwit", "type": "section", "slug": "transactions", "section_id": "segwit", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "SegWitとその影響", "en": "SegWit and its impact" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/transactions#segwit", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/transactions#segwit" } }, { "id": "topic:incidents", "type": "topic", "slug": "incidents", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインの事件と転換点", "en": "Incidents & Turning Points" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/incidents", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/incidents" }, "category": "economics", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:incidents:silk-road", "type": "section", "slug": "incidents", "section_id": "silk-road", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "シルクロード（2011年〜2013年）", "en": "Silk Road (2011–2013)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/incidents#silk-road", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/incidents#silk-road" } }, { "id": "section:incidents:mt-gox-detail", "type": "section", "slug": "incidents", "section_id": "mt-gox-detail", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "Mt.Gox破綻の全容（2014年）", "en": "The full Mt.Gox story (2014)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/incidents#mt-gox-detail", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/incidents#mt-gox-detail" } }, { "id": "section:incidents:dao-hack", "type": "section", "slug": "incidents", "section_id": "dao-hack", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "The DAO事件とイーサリアムの分裂（2016年）", "en": "The DAO hack and Ethereum's split (2016)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/incidents#dao-hack", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/incidents#dao-hack" } }, { "id": "section:incidents:blocksize-war", "type": "section", "slug": "incidents", "section_id": "blocksize-war", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "ブロックサイズ戦争（2015年〜2017年）", "en": "The block size war (2015–2017)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/incidents#blocksize-war", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/incidents#blocksize-war" } }, { "id": "section:incidents:exchange-hacks", "type": "section", "slug": "incidents", "section_id": "exchange-hacks", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "取引所ハッキングの歴史", "en": "A history of exchange hacks" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/incidents#exchange-hacks", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/incidents#exchange-hacks" } }, { "id": "section:incidents:ftx-collapse", "type": "section", "slug": "incidents", "section_id": "ftx-collapse", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "FTX崩壊（2022年）", "en": "The FTX collapse (2022)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/incidents#ftx-collapse", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/incidents#ftx-collapse" } }, { "id": "section:incidents:mtgox-repayment", "type": "section", "slug": "incidents", "section_id": "mtgox-repayment", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "Mt.Gox 10年越しの債権者弁済（2024年〜2026年）", "en": "Mt.Gox — 10-year creditor repayment (2024–2026)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/incidents#mtgox-repayment", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/incidents#mtgox-repayment" } }, { "id": "section:incidents:samourai-tornado", "type": "section", "slug": "incidents", "section_id": "samourai-tornado", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "プライバシーツール起訴（2024年）", "en": "Privacy tool prosecutions (2024)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/incidents#samourai-tornado", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/incidents#samourai-tornado" } }, { "id": "section:incidents:regulatory-milestones", "type": "section", "slug": "incidents", "section_id": "regulatory-milestones", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "規制のマイルストーン", "en": "Regulatory milestones" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/incidents#regulatory-milestones", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/incidents#regulatory-milestones" } }, { "id": "topic:etf", "type": "topic", "slug": "etf", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインETFとは", "en": "Bitcoin ETFs & Institutional Adoption" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/etf", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/etf" }, "category": "economics", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-16", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:etf:key-facts", "type": "section", "slug": "etf", "section_id": "key-facts", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "主要な事実 — 早見表", "en": "Key facts at a glance" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/etf#key-facts", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/etf#key-facts" } }, { "id": "section:etf:what-is-bitcoin-etf", "type": "section", "slug": "etf", "section_id": "what-is-bitcoin-etf", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "Bitcoin ETFとは", "en": "What is a Bitcoin ETF?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/etf#what-is-bitcoin-etf", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/etf#what-is-bitcoin-etf" } }, { "id": "section:etf:history-approval", "type": "section", "slug": "etf", "section_id": "history-approval", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "承認までの11年間（2013〜2024）", "en": "The 11-year path to approval (2013–2024)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/etf#history-approval", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/etf#history-approval" } }, { "id": "section:etf:approval-january-2024", "type": "section", "slug": "etf", "section_id": "approval-january-2024", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "2024年1月10日——歴史的承認", "en": "January 10, 2024: historic approval" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/etf#approval-january-2024", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/etf#approval-january-2024" } }, { "id": "section:etf:major-providers", "type": "section", "slug": "etf", "section_id": "major-providers", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "主要プロバイダと運用規模", "en": "Major providers & AUM" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/etf#major-providers", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/etf#major-providers" } }, { "id": "section:etf:spot-vs-futures", "type": "section", "slug": "etf", "section_id": "spot-vs-futures", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "現物ETFと先物ETFの違い", "en": "Spot ETFs vs. futures ETFs" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/etf#spot-vs-futures", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/etf#spot-vs-futures" } }, { "id": "section:etf:etf-vs-toshin", "type": "section", "slug": "etf", "section_id": "etf-vs-toshin", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "ビットコイン投資信託とETFの違い", "en": "Bitcoin mutual funds vs. ETFs" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/etf#etf-vs-toshin", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/etf#etf-vs-toshin" } }, { "id": "section:etf:market-impact", "type": "section", "slug": "etf", "section_id": "market-impact", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "ETF承認の市場インパクト", "en": "Market impact" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/etf#market-impact", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/etf#market-impact" } }, { "id": "section:etf:institutional-treasury", "type": "section", "slug": "etf", "section_id": "institutional-treasury", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "Strategy（旧 MicroStrategy）と企業財務モデル", "en": "Strategy (formerly MicroStrategy) & the corporate treasury model" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/etf#institutional-treasury", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/etf#institutional-treasury" } }, { "id": "section:etf:nation-states", "type": "section", "slug": "etf", "section_id": "nation-states", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "国家レベルの採用", "en": "Nation-state adoption" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/etf#nation-states", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/etf#nation-states" } }, { "id": "section:etf:japan-etf-status", "type": "section", "slug": "etf", "section_id": "japan-etf-status", "order": 11, "label": { "ja": "日本におけるBitcoin ETF", "en": "Bitcoin ETF status in Japan" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/etf#japan-etf-status", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/etf#japan-etf-status" } }, { "id": "section:etf:risks-limitations", "type": "section", "slug": "etf", "section_id": "risks-limitations", "order": 12, "label": { "ja": "リスクと限界", "en": "Risks & limitations" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/etf#risks-limitations", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/etf#risks-limitations" } }, { "id": "topic:ordinals", "type": "topic", "slug": "ordinals", "label": { "ja": "Ordinals・Inscriptions・Runes", "en": "Ordinals, Inscriptions & Runes" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ordinals", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ordinals" }, "category": "scaling", "level": "advanced", "last_updated": "2026-09-16", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:ordinals:what-are-ordinals", "type": "section", "slug": "ordinals", "section_id": "what-are-ordinals", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "Ordinalsとは——satに番号を付ける発想", "en": "Ordinals: numbering individual satoshis" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ordinals#what-are-ordinals", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ordinals#what-are-ordinals" } }, { "id": "section:ordinals:taproot-enabler", "type": "section", "slug": "ordinals", "section_id": "taproot-enabler", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "Taprootがなぜ可能にしたか", "en": "Why Taproot made it possible" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ordinals#taproot-enabler", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ordinals#taproot-enabler" } }, { "id": "section:ordinals:first-inscription", "type": "section", "slug": "ordinals", "section_id": "first-inscription", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "最初のInscription（2022年12月）", "en": "The first inscription (December 2022)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ordinals#first-inscription", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ordinals#first-inscription" } }, { "id": "section:ordinals:brc-20", "type": "section", "slug": "ordinals", "section_id": "brc-20", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "BRC-20——BitcoinにおけるERC-20", "en": "BRC-20: ERC-20 on Bitcoin" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ordinals#brc-20", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ordinals#brc-20" } }, { "id": "section:ordinals:runes-protocol", "type": "section", "slug": "ordinals", "section_id": "runes-protocol", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "Runes——2024年の半減期と同日のローンチ", "en": "Runes: launch on 2024 halving day" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ordinals#runes-protocol", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ordinals#runes-protocol" } }, { "id": "section:ordinals:fee-market-impact", "type": "section", "slug": "ordinals", "section_id": "fee-market-impact", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "手数料市場への影響", "en": "Fee-market impact" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ordinals#fee-market-impact", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ordinals#fee-market-impact" } }, { "id": "section:ordinals:controversy", "type": "section", "slug": "ordinals", "section_id": "controversy", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "コミュニティ論争", "en": "Community controversy" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ordinals#controversy", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ordinals#controversy" } }, { "id": "section:ordinals:use-cases", "type": "section", "slug": "ordinals", "section_id": "use-cases", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "実際のユースケース", "en": "Real use cases" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ordinals#use-cases", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ordinals#use-cases" } }, { "id": "section:ordinals:vs-ethereum-nft", "type": "section", "slug": "ordinals", "section_id": "vs-ethereum-nft", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "Ethereum NFT との比較", "en": "Compared to Ethereum NFTs" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ordinals#vs-ethereum-nft", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ordinals#vs-ethereum-nft" } }, { "id": "section:ordinals:outlook", "type": "section", "slug": "ordinals", "section_id": "outlook", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "今後の展望", "en": "Outlook" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/ordinals#outlook", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ordinals#outlook" } }, { "id": "topic:regulation", "type": "topic", "slug": "regulation", "label": { "ja": "規制の動向 — 日本と世界", "en": "Regulation — Japan & the World" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/regulation", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/regulation" }, "category": "context", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:regulation:key-facts", "type": "section", "slug": "regulation", "section_id": "key-facts", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "主要な事実（2026年8月16日時点）", "en": "Key facts (as of August 16, 2026)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/regulation#key-facts", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/regulation#key-facts" } }, { "id": "section:regulation:japan-fsa-system", "type": "section", "slug": "regulation", "section_id": "japan-fsa-system", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "金融庁（FSA）と登録業者制度", "en": "The Financial Services Agency (FSA) and the registration system" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/regulation#japan-fsa-system", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/regulation#japan-fsa-system" } }, { "id": "section:regulation:stablecoin-law", "type": "section", "slug": "regulation", "section_id": "stablecoin-law", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "ステーブルコイン規制（改正資金決済法）", "en": "Stablecoin regulation (amended Payment Services Act)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/regulation#stablecoin-law", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/regulation#stablecoin-law" } }, { "id": "section:regulation:fiea-migration", "type": "section", "slug": "regulation", "section_id": "fiea-migration", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "金商法への移管と令和7年資金決済法改正（2026年）", "en": "The FIEA migration and the 2026 Payment Services Act amendment" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/regulation#fiea-migration", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/regulation#fiea-migration" } }, { "id": "section:regulation:travel-rule", "type": "section", "slug": "regulation", "section_id": "travel-rule", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "トラベルルール", "en": "Travel rule" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/regulation#travel-rule", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/regulation#travel-rule" } }, { "id": "section:regulation:us-fit21", "type": "section", "slug": "regulation", "section_id": "us-fit21", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "米国 FIT21 / CLARITY Act", "en": "U.S. FIT21 / CLARITY Act" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/regulation#us-fit21", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/regulation#us-fit21" } }, { "id": "section:regulation:us-strategic-reserve", "type": "section", "slug": "regulation", "section_id": "us-strategic-reserve", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "米国の戦略的ビットコイン備蓄（2025年）", "en": "The U.S. Strategic Bitcoin Reserve (2025)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/regulation#us-strategic-reserve", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/regulation#us-strategic-reserve" } }, { "id": "section:regulation:eu-mica", "type": "section", "slug": "regulation", "section_id": "eu-mica", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "EU MiCA規則", "en": "EU MiCA regulation" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/regulation#eu-mica", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/regulation#eu-mica" } }, { "id": "section:regulation:global-landscape", "type": "section", "slug": "regulation", "section_id": "global-landscape", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "世界の規制動向", "en": "Regulation around the world" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/regulation#global-landscape", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/regulation#global-landscape" } }, { "id": "section:regulation:future-regulation", "type": "section", "slug": "regulation", "section_id": "future-regulation", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "今後の規制展望", "en": "Future regulatory outlook" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/regulation#future-regulation", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/regulation#future-regulation" } }, { "id": "topic:tax", "type": "topic", "slug": "tax", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインの税金 — 雑所得・2026年改正・確定申告", "en": "Bitcoin Taxes in Japan — Misc Income, the 2026 Reform, and Tax Filing" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/tax", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/tax" }, "category": "context", "level": "intermediate", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:tax:key-facts", "type": "section", "slug": "tax", "section_id": "key-facts", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "主要な事実（2026年8月16日時点）", "en": "Key facts (as of August 16, 2026)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/tax#key-facts", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/tax#key-facts" } }, { "id": "section:tax:why-tax", "type": "section", "slug": "tax", "section_id": "why-tax", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "なぜ税金を独立して扱うのか", "en": "Why tax deserves its own topic" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/tax#why-tax", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/tax#why-tax" } }, { "id": "section:tax:current-rules", "type": "section", "slug": "tax", "section_id": "current-rules", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "現行制度 — 雑所得と総合課税", "en": "The current regime: miscellaneous income and progressive taxation" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/tax#current-rules", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/tax#current-rules" } }, { "id": "section:tax:taxable-events", "type": "section", "slug": "tax", "section_id": "taxable-events", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "課税されるタイミング", "en": "When tax is triggered" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/tax#taxable-events", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/tax#taxable-events" } }, { "id": "section:tax:calculation", "type": "section", "slug": "tax", "section_id": "calculation", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "損益の計算方法", "en": "Calculating gains and losses" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/tax#calculation", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/tax#calculation" } }, { "id": "section:tax:filing", "type": "section", "slug": "tax", "section_id": "filing", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "確定申告の実務", "en": "Filing in practice" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/tax#filing", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/tax#filing" } }, { "id": "section:tax:reform-2026", "type": "section", "slug": "tax", "section_id": "reform-2026", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "2026年改正 — 何が決まり、いつから効くのか", "en": "The 2026 reform: what was decided, and when it bites" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/tax#reform-2026", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/tax#reform-2026" } }, { "id": "section:tax:corporate", "type": "section", "slug": "tax", "section_id": "corporate", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "法人が保有する場合", "en": "Corporate holdings" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/tax#corporate", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/tax#corporate" } }, { "id": "section:tax:inheritance-gift", "type": "section", "slug": "tax", "section_id": "inheritance-gift", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "相続と贈与の基礎", "en": "Inheritance and gift: the basics" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/tax#inheritance-gift", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/tax#inheritance-gift" } }, { "id": "section:tax:comparison", "type": "section", "slug": "tax", "section_id": "comparison", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "主要国との比較", "en": "How other countries compare" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/tax#comparison", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/tax#comparison" } }, { "id": "section:tax:summary", "type": "section", "slug": "tax", "section_id": "summary", "order": 11, "label": { "ja": "まとめ — 決着済み・見込み・未定", "en": "Summary: settled, expected, undecided" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/tax#summary", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/tax#summary" } }, { "id": "topic:layer2", "type": "topic", "slug": "layer2", "label": { "ja": "Layer 2とスケーリング", "en": "Layer 2 & Scaling" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/layer2", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/layer2" }, "category": "scaling", "level": "advanced", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:layer2:why-layer2", "type": "section", "slug": "layer2", "section_id": "why-layer2", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "なぜLayer 2が必要か", "en": "Why Layer 2?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/layer2#why-layer2", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/layer2#why-layer2" } }, { "id": "section:layer2:l2-taxonomy", "type": "section", "slug": "layer2", "section_id": "l2-taxonomy", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "類型で読み分ける", "en": "Reading them by category" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/layer2#l2-taxonomy", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/layer2#l2-taxonomy" } }, { "id": "section:layer2:lightning-recap", "type": "section", "slug": "layer2", "section_id": "lightning-recap", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "Lightning Network（最成熟のL2）", "en": "Lightning Network (the most mature L2)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/layer2#lightning-recap", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/layer2#lightning-recap" } }, { "id": "section:layer2:liquid", "type": "section", "slug": "layer2", "section_id": "liquid", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "Liquid Network（サイドチェーン）", "en": "Liquid Network (federated sidechain)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/layer2#liquid", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/layer2#liquid" } }, { "id": "section:layer2:rootstock-stacks", "type": "section", "slug": "layer2", "section_id": "rootstock-stacks", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "Rootstock（RSK）とStacks", "en": "Rootstock (RSK) and Stacks" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/layer2#rootstock-stacks", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/layer2#rootstock-stacks" } }, { "id": "section:layer2:bitvm", "type": "section", "slug": "layer2", "section_id": "bitvm", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "BitVM（2023年提案）", "en": "BitVM (proposed 2023)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/layer2#bitvm", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/layer2#bitvm" } }, { "id": "section:layer2:babylon", "type": "section", "slug": "layer2", "section_id": "babylon", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "Babylon（BTCステーキング）", "en": "Babylon (BTC staking)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/layer2#babylon", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/layer2#babylon" } }, { "id": "section:layer2:ark-fedimint", "type": "section", "slug": "layer2", "section_id": "ark-fedimint", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "Ark、Fedimint等の新世代", "en": "Ark, Fedimint, and the new generation" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/layer2#ark-fedimint", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/layer2#ark-fedimint" } }, { "id": "section:layer2:layer2-comparison", "type": "section", "slug": "layer2", "section_id": "layer2-comparison", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "Layer 2の比較", "en": "Layer 2 comparison" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/layer2#layer2-comparison", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/layer2#layer2-comparison" } }, { "id": "section:layer2:layer2-outlook", "type": "section", "slug": "layer2", "section_id": "layer2-outlook", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "今後の展望", "en": "Outlook" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/layer2#layer2-outlook", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/layer2#layer2-outlook" } }, { "id": "topic:forks", "type": "topic", "slug": "forks", "label": { "ja": "フォーク史", "en": "Forks & Chain Divergence" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/forks", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/forks" }, "category": "scaling", "level": "advanced", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "section:forks:hard-vs-soft", "type": "section", "slug": "forks", "section_id": "hard-vs-soft", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "ハードフォークとソフトフォーク", "en": "Hard fork vs. soft fork" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/forks#hard-vs-soft", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/forks#hard-vs-soft" } }, { "id": "section:forks:blocksize-war", "type": "section", "slug": "forks", "section_id": "blocksize-war", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "ブロックサイズ戦争（2015-2017年）", "en": "The block size war (2015–2017)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/forks#blocksize-war", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/forks#blocksize-war" } }, { "id": "section:forks:bitcoin-cash", "type": "section", "slug": "forks", "section_id": "bitcoin-cash", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "Bitcoin Cash（BCH、2017年8月1日）", "en": "Bitcoin Cash (BCH, August 1, 2017)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/forks#bitcoin-cash", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/forks#bitcoin-cash" } }, { "id": "section:forks:bitcoin-sv", "type": "section", "slug": "forks", "section_id": "bitcoin-sv", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "Bitcoin SV（BSV、2018年11月）", "en": "Bitcoin SV (BSV, November 2018)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/forks#bitcoin-sv", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/forks#bitcoin-sv" } }, { "id": "section:forks:soft-forks", "type": "section", "slug": "forks", "section_id": "soft-forks", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "主要ソフトフォーク史", "en": "A history of the major soft forks" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/forks#soft-forks", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/forks#soft-forks" } }, { "id": "section:forks:what-is-bitcoin", "type": "section", "slug": "forks", "section_id": "what-is-bitcoin", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "「Bitcoin」とは何か——ガバナンス哲学", "en": "\"What is Bitcoin?\": governance philosophy" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/forks#what-is-bitcoin", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/forks#what-is-bitcoin" } }, { "id": "section:forks:forks-outlook", "type": "section", "slug": "forks", "section_id": "forks-outlook", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "今後のフォーク展望", "en": "Future fork outlook" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/forks#forks-outlook", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/forks#forks-outlook" } }, { "id": "topic:node", "type": "topic", "slug": "node", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインノードの運用 — 自分で検証するという選択", "en": "Running a Bitcoin Node — Verifying for Yourself" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/node", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/node" }, "category": "mechanics", "level": "advanced", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:node:intro", "type": "section", "slug": "node", "section_id": "intro", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "ノードを立てるとは何をすることか", "en": "What it means to run a node" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/node#intro", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/node#intro" } }, { "id": "section:node:what-node-does", "type": "section", "slug": "node", "section_id": "what-node-does", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "フルノードの仕事 — 検証とルールの強制", "en": "What a full node does — validation and rule enforcement" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/node#what-node-does", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/node#what-node-does" } }, { "id": "section:node:types", "type": "section", "slug": "node", "section_id": "types", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "ノードの種類 — フル・プルーンド・アーカイブ・SPV", "en": "Types of node — full, pruned, archival, and SPV" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/node#types", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/node#types" } }, { "id": "section:node:requirements", "type": "section", "slug": "node", "section_id": "requirements", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "必要なもの — ストレージ・帯域・稼働時間", "en": "What you need — storage, bandwidth, and uptime" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/node#requirements", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/node#requirements" } }, { "id": "section:node:setup-overview", "type": "section", "slug": "node", "section_id": "setup-overview", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "Bitcoin Core 導入の流れと、同期中に起きていること", "en": "How Bitcoin Core setup goes, and what happens during sync" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/node#setup-overview", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/node#setup-overview" } }, { "id": "section:node:privacy-benefits", "type": "section", "slug": "node", "section_id": "privacy-benefits", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "自分のノードに繋ぐ意味 — 照会を第三者に漏らさない", "en": "Why connect to your own node — not leaking your queries" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/node#privacy-benefits", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/node#privacy-benefits" } }, { "id": "section:node:lightning-node", "type": "section", "slug": "node", "section_id": "lightning-node", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "Lightning ノードとの関係", "en": "Relationship to a Lightning node" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/node#lightning-node", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/node#lightning-node" } }, { "id": "section:node:economics-node", "type": "section", "slug": "node", "section_id": "economics-node", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "ノード運用の経済 — 報酬はない", "en": "The economics of running a node — there is no reward" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/node#economics-node", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/node#economics-node" } }, { "id": "section:node:risks-limits", "type": "section", "slug": "node", "section_id": "risks-limits", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "現実的な制約とリスク", "en": "Practical constraints and risks" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/node#risks-limits", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/node#risks-limits" } }, { "id": "section:node:summary", "type": "section", "slug": "node", "section_id": "summary", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "まとめ — 誰に向くか", "en": "Summary — who it suits" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/node#summary", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/node#summary" } }, { "id": "topic:vulnerabilities", "type": "topic", "slug": "vulnerabilities", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインの脆弱性 — 攻撃ベクトルと実際に起きたバグ", "en": "Bitcoin Vulnerabilities — Attack Vectors and Real Bugs" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/vulnerabilities", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/vulnerabilities" }, "category": "critical", "level": "advanced", "last_updated": "2026-09-16", "last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "section:vulnerabilities:why-vulnerabilities", "type": "section", "slug": "vulnerabilities", "section_id": "why-vulnerabilities", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "完璧なシステムではない — 脆弱性を正直に知る意義", "en": "Not a perfect system — why honest weaknesses matter" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/vulnerabilities#why-vulnerabilities", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/vulnerabilities#why-vulnerabilities" } }, { "id": "section:vulnerabilities:protocol-bugs", "type": "section", "slug": "vulnerabilities", "section_id": "protocol-bugs", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "実際に起きた重大バグ", "en": "Serious bugs that actually happened" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/vulnerabilities#protocol-bugs", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/vulnerabilities#protocol-bugs" } }, { "id": "section:vulnerabilities:attack-51", "type": "section", "slug": "vulnerabilities", "section_id": "attack-51", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "51%攻撃 — 理論と現実の距離", "en": "51% attacks — theory versus reality" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/vulnerabilities#attack-51", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/vulnerabilities#attack-51" } }, { "id": "section:vulnerabilities:network-attacks", "type": "section", "slug": "vulnerabilities", "section_id": "network-attacks", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "ネットワーク層の攻撃 — 情報を遮断する", "en": "The network layer — cutting off information" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/vulnerabilities#network-attacks", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/vulnerabilities#network-attacks" } }, { "id": "section:vulnerabilities:mining-attacks", "type": "section", "slug": "vulnerabilities", "section_id": "mining-attacks", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "マイニング層の攻撃 — インセンティブ設計の隙", "en": "The mining layer — gaps in incentive design" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/vulnerabilities#mining-attacks", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/vulnerabilities#mining-attacks" } }, { "id": "section:vulnerabilities:quantum", "type": "section", "slug": "vulnerabilities", "section_id": "quantum", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "量子コンピュータのリスク — 何が、いつ危ういのか", "en": "Quantum computing risk — what is at risk, and when" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/vulnerabilities#quantum", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/vulnerabilities#quantum" } }, { "id": "section:vulnerabilities:user-layer", "type": "section", "slug": "vulnerabilities", "section_id": "user-layer", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "最大の脆弱面はユーザー側にある", "en": "The largest attack surface is the user" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/vulnerabilities#user-layer", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/vulnerabilities#user-layer" } }, { "id": "section:vulnerabilities:custody", "type": "section", "slug": "vulnerabilities", "section_id": "custody", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "資産を預けるリスク — 誰が鍵を持っているか", "en": "Custody risk — who holds the keys" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/vulnerabilities#custody", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/vulnerabilities#custody" } }, { "id": "section:vulnerabilities:defense-process", "type": "section", "slug": "vulnerabilities", "section_id": "defense-process", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "防御の仕組み — 遅いが厚い検証", "en": "How Bitcoin defends itself — slow, but thoroughly reviewed" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/vulnerabilities#defense-process", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/vulnerabilities#defense-process" } }, { "id": "section:vulnerabilities:open-problems", "type": "section", "slug": "vulnerabilities", "section_id": "open-problems", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "未解決の構造課題", "en": "Unresolved structural problems" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/vulnerabilities#open-problems", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/vulnerabilities#open-problems" } }, { "id": "topic:criticisms", "type": "topic", "slug": "criticisms", "label": { "ja": "ビットコイン批判論", "en": "Criticisms of Bitcoin" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/criticisms", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/criticisms" }, "category": "critical", "level": "advanced", "last_updated": "2026-09-16", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:criticisms:intro", "type": "section", "slug": "criticisms", "section_id": "intro", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "なぜ批判を正面から扱うのか", "en": "Why we publish the criticisms" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/criticisms#intro", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/criticisms#intro" } }, { "id": "section:criticisms:money-functions", "type": "section", "slug": "criticisms", "section_id": "money-functions", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "「通貨として機能していない」という批判", "en": "\"It does not work as money\"" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/criticisms#money-functions", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/criticisms#money-functions" } }, { "id": "section:criticisms:economists", "type": "section", "slug": "criticisms", "section_id": "economists", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "経済学者・国際機関からの批判", "en": "Criticism from economists and institutions" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/criticisms#economists", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/criticisms#economists" } }, { "id": "section:criticisms:intrinsic-value", "type": "section", "slug": "criticisms", "section_id": "intrinsic-value", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "「内在価値」論争の学術的な整理", "en": "The \"intrinsic value\" debate, academically framed" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/criticisms#intrinsic-value", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/criticisms#intrinsic-value" } }, { "id": "section:criticisms:inequality", "type": "section", "slug": "criticisms", "section_id": "inequality", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "富の偏在——保有分布とその解釈の難しさ", "en": "Wealth concentration and the difficulty of reading it" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/criticisms#inequality", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/criticisms#inequality" } }, { "id": "section:criticisms:environment", "type": "section", "slug": "criticisms", "section_id": "environment", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "環境批判の最も強い形", "en": "The environmental critique at its strongest" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/criticisms#environment", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/criticisms#environment" } }, { "id": "section:criticisms:speculation", "type": "section", "slug": "criticisms", "section_id": "speculation", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "投機文化への批判", "en": "Criticism of speculative culture" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/criticisms#speculation", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/criticisms#speculation" } }, { "id": "section:criticisms:failed-promises", "type": "section", "slug": "criticisms", "section_id": "failed-promises", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "実現していない約束", "en": "Promises not yet delivered" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/criticisms#failed-promises", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/criticisms#failed-promises" } }, { "id": "section:criticisms:drawdowns", "type": "section", "slug": "criticisms", "section_id": "drawdowns", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "投資リスクの歴史的事実", "en": "Historical facts about investment risk" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/criticisms#drawdowns", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/criticisms#drawdowns" } }, { "id": "section:criticisms:counterpoints", "type": "section", "slug": "criticisms", "section_id": "counterpoints", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "反論と、まだ決着していない論点", "en": "Rebuttals and open questions" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/criticisms#counterpoints", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/criticisms#counterpoints" } }, { "id": "topic:paradoxes", "type": "topic", "slug": "paradoxes", "label": { "ja": "ビットコインのパラドックス — 理想と現実の矛盾", "en": "Bitcoin Paradoxes — Contradictions Between Ideal and Reality" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/paradoxes", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/paradoxes" }, "category": "critical", "level": "advanced", "last_updated": "2026-09-03", "last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "section:paradoxes:facing-contradictions", "type": "section", "slug": "paradoxes", "section_id": "facing-contradictions", "order": 1, "label": { "ja": "矛盾を直視する — 理想と現実の距離", "en": "Facing the contradictions: the distance between ideal and reality" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/paradoxes#facing-contradictions", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/paradoxes#facing-contradictions" } }, { "id": "section:paradoxes:mining-centralization", "type": "section", "slug": "paradoxes", "section_id": "mining-centralization", "order": 2, "label": { "ja": "分散の理想 vs マイニングの集中", "en": "The ideal of decentralization vs. mining concentration" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/paradoxes#mining-centralization", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/paradoxes#mining-centralization" } }, { "id": "section:paradoxes:custody-paradox", "type": "section", "slug": "paradoxes", "section_id": "custody-paradox", "order": 3, "label": { "ja": "自己主権の思想 vs カストディへの集中", "en": "Self-sovereignty as philosophy vs. concentration in custody" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/paradoxes#custody-paradox", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/paradoxes#custody-paradox" } }, { "id": "section:paradoxes:censorship-resistance", "type": "section", "slug": "paradoxes", "section_id": "censorship-resistance", "order": 4, "label": { "ja": "検閲耐性 vs 規制順応", "en": "Censorship resistance vs. regulatory compliance" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/paradoxes#censorship-resistance", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/paradoxes#censorship-resistance" } }, { "id": "section:paradoxes:identity-drift", "type": "section", "slug": "paradoxes", "section_id": "identity-drift", "order": 5, "label": { "ja": "「電子キャッシュ」から「デジタルゴールド」へ", "en": "From \"electronic cash\" to \"digital gold\"" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/paradoxes#identity-drift", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/paradoxes#identity-drift" } }, { "id": "section:paradoxes:trustless-reality", "type": "section", "slug": "paradoxes", "section_id": "trustless-reality", "order": 6, "label": { "ja": "トラストレスの実像 — 信頼はどこへ移ったか", "en": "What \"trustless\" actually means: where trust went" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/paradoxes#trustless-reality", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/paradoxes#trustless-reality" } }, { "id": "section:paradoxes:governance-chaos", "type": "section", "slug": "paradoxes", "section_id": "governance-chaos", "order": 7, "label": { "ja": "誰も決められないガバナンス", "en": "Governance in which no one can decide" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/paradoxes#governance-chaos", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/paradoxes#governance-chaos" } }, { "id": "section:paradoxes:institutionalization", "type": "section", "slug": "paradoxes", "section_id": "institutionalization", "order": 8, "label": { "ja": "反体制思想の体制化", "en": "Anti-establishment ideas absorbed by the establishment" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/paradoxes#institutionalization", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/paradoxes#institutionalization" } }, { "id": "section:paradoxes:energy-paradox", "type": "section", "slug": "paradoxes", "section_id": "energy-paradox", "order": 9, "label": { "ja": "エネルギーの二面性", "en": "The two faces of energy" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/paradoxes#energy-paradox", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/paradoxes#energy-paradox" } }, { "id": "section:paradoxes:conclusion", "type": "section", "slug": "paradoxes", "section_id": "conclusion", "order": 10, "label": { "ja": "矛盾は失敗の証明か、進行中の実験か", "en": "Proof of failure, or an experiment still running?" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/learn/paradoxes#conclusion", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/paradoxes#conclusion" } }, { "id": "bip:8", "type": "bip", "number": 8, "label": { "ja": "ブロック高によるロックインを伴うバージョンビット", "en": "Version bits with lock-in by height" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/8", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/8" }, "status": "Complete", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2017-02-01" }, { "id": "bip:9", "type": "bip", "number": 9, "label": { "ja": "タイムアウトと遅延を伴うバージョンビット", "en": "Version bits with timeout and delay" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/9", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/9" }, "status": "Deployed", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2015-10-04" }, { "id": "bip:32", "type": "bip", "number": 32, "label": { "ja": "階層的決定性ウォレット", "en": "Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/32", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/32" }, "status": "Deployed", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2012-02-11" }, { "id": "bip:34", "type": "bip", "number": 34, "label": { "ja": "ブロック v2 — コインベースへのブロック高の埋め込み", "en": "Block v2, Height in Coinbase" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/34", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/34" }, "status": "Deployed", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2012-07-06" }, { "id": "bip:39", "type": "bip", "number": 39, "label": { "ja": "決定性鍵を生成するためのニーモニックコード", "en": "Mnemonic code for generating deterministic keys" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/39", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/39" }, "status": "Deployed", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2013-09-10" }, { "id": "bip:44", "type": "bip", "number": 44, "label": { "ja": "決定性ウォレットのためのマルチアカウント階層", "en": "Multi-Account Hierarchy for Deterministic Wallets" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/44", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/44" }, "status": "Deployed", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2014-04-24" }, { "id": "bip:49", "type": "bip", "number": 49, "label": { "ja": "P2SH にネストした P2WPKH アカウントの導出方式", "en": "Derivation scheme for P2WPKH-nested-in-P2SH based accounts" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/49", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/49" }, "status": "Deployed", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2016-05-19" }, { "id": "bip:84", "type": "bip", "number": 84, "label": { "ja": "P2WPKH アカウントの導出方式", "en": "Derivation scheme for P2WPKH based accounts" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/84", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/84" }, "status": "Deployed", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2017-12-28" }, { "id": "bip:86", "type": "bip", "number": 86, "label": { "ja": "単一鍵 P2TR 出力のための鍵導出", "en": "Key Derivation for Single Key P2TR Outputs" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/86", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/86" }, "status": "Deployed", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2021-06-22" }, { "id": "bip:125", "type": "bip", "number": 125, "label": { "ja": "オプトイン方式の Full Replace-by-Fee シグナリング", "en": "Opt-in Full Replace-by-Fee Signaling" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/125", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/125" }, "status": "Deployed", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2015-12-04" }, { "id": "bip:141", "type": "bip", "number": 141, "label": { "ja": "Segregated Witness（コンセンサス層）", "en": "Segregated Witness (Consensus layer)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/141", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/141" }, "status": "Deployed", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2015-12-21" }, { "id": "bip:143", "type": "bip", "number": 143, "label": { "ja": "バージョン 0 witness プログラムのトランザクション署名検証", "en": "Transaction Signature Verification for Version 0 Witness Program" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/143", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/143" }, "status": "Deployed", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2016-01-03" }, { "id": "bip:144", "type": "bip", "number": 144, "label": { "ja": "Segregated Witness（ピアサービス層）", "en": "Segregated Witness (Peer Services)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/144", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/144" }, "status": "Deployed", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2016-01-08" }, { "id": "bip:173", "type": "bip", "number": 173, "label": { "ja": "ネイティブ v0-16 witness 出力のための Base32 アドレス形式", "en": "Base32 address format for native v0-16 witness outputs" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/173", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/173" }, "status": "Deployed", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2017-03-20" }, { "id": "bip:174", "type": "bip", "number": 174, "label": { "ja": "部分署名ビットコイントランザクション形式（PSBT）", "en": "Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction Format" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/174", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/174" }, "status": "Deployed", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2017-07-12" }, { "id": "bip:340", "type": "bip", "number": 340, "label": { "ja": "secp256k1 のための Schnorr 署名", "en": "Schnorr Signatures for secp256k1" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/340", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/340" }, "status": "Deployed", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2020-01-19" }, { "id": "bip:341", "type": "bip", "number": 341, "label": { "ja": "Taproot — SegWit バージョン 1 の使用ルール", "en": "Taproot: SegWit version 1 spending rules" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/341", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/341" }, "status": "Deployed", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2020-01-19" }, { "id": "bip:342", "type": "bip", "number": 342, "label": { "ja": "Taproot スクリプトの検証", "en": "Validation of Taproot Scripts" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/bip/342", "en": "https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/342" }, "status": "Deployed", "status_verified": "2026-08-17", "assigned": "2020-01-19" }, { "id": "bip:350", "type": "bip", "number": 350, 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2026)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.fsa.go.jp/menkyo/menkyoj/kasoutuka.pdf", "en": "https://www.fsa.go.jp/menkyo/menkyoj/kasoutuka.pdf" }, "hostname": "fsa.go.jp", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "source:38d2a45c3beded56ae11", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "金融庁 — 金融商品取引法及び資金決済に関する法律の一部を改正する法律案 説明資料（PDF）", "en": "FSA — Explanatory Material on the Bill Amending the FIEA and the Payment Services Act (PDF, Japanese)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.fsa.go.jp/common/diet/221/02/03.pdf", "en": "https://www.fsa.go.jp/common/diet/221/02/03.pdf" }, "hostname": "fsa.go.jp", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "source:f3582b6fec1a7ead8a85", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "金融庁 — 詐欺的な投資勧誘等にご注意ください！（「被害を回復してあげます」型の勧誘、金融事業者一括検索）", "en": "Financial Services Agency (Japan) — Beware of Fraudulent Investment Solicitations (\"we will recover your losses\" pitches; consolidated search for regulated financial businesses)" }, "urls": { "ja": 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"source:720e6db4b6be8fffdd03", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "金融庁「金融サービス利用者相談室」（0570-016811、平日10時〜17時）", "en": "Financial Services Agency — Counseling Office for Financial Services Users (0570-016811, weekdays 10:00–17:00)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.fsa.go.jp/receipt/soudansitu/index.html", "en": "https://www.fsa.go.jp/receipt/soudansitu/index.html" }, "hostname": "fsa.go.jp", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "source:dc67406db51a41350091", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "金融庁「令和8年金融商品取引法等改正（20日後施行）に係る政令の公布について」（令和8年7月29日）", "en": "Financial Services Agency — Promulgation of the Cabinet Order for the 2026 FIEA amendment provisions taking effect 20 days after promulgation (29 July 2026)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.fsa.go.jp/news/r8/shouken/20260729/20260729.html", "en": "https://www.fsa.go.jp/news/r8/shouken/20260729/20260729.html" }, "hostname": "fsa.go.jp", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "source:b1116619ee072eb34cb4", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "BIP 110 — Reduced Data Temporary Softfork（強制シグナリング期間 961,632〜963,647 / 閾値 1,109 of 2,016）", "en": "BIP 110 — Reduced Data Temporary Softfork (mandatory signaling 961,632–963,647; threshold 1,109 of 2,016)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0110.mediawiki", "en": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0110.mediawiki" }, "hostname": "github.com", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-16" }, { "id": "source:d205d120a1a8c737dbce", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "BIP 141 — Segregated Witness（ブロックウェイト400万の定義）", "en": "BIP 141 — Segregated Witness (defines the 4,000,000 block weight limit)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0141.mediawiki", "en": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0141.mediawiki" }, "hostname": "github.com", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "source:4b86f483afaedbc5bca1", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "BIP 143 — バージョン 0 witness プログラムのトランザクション署名検証", "en": "BIP 143 — Transaction Signature Verification for Version 0 Witness Program" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0143.mediawiki", "en": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0143.mediawiki" }, "hostname": "github.com", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-17" }, { "id": "source:7c6193e48307f45fc64d", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "BIP 144 — Segregated Witness（ピアサービス層）", "en": "BIP 144 — Segregated Witness (Peer Services)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0144.mediawiki", "en": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0144.mediawiki" }, "hostname": "github.com", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-17" }, { "id": "source:6723f03ae112b64ee8fb", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "BIP 3 — Updated BIP Process", "en": "BIP 3 — Updated BIP Process" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0003.md", "en": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0003.md" }, "hostname": "github.com", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "source:97cbfe79d0ee8fcd1a53", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "BIP 34 — ブロック v2 — コインベースへのブロック高の埋め込み", "en": "BIP 34 — Block v2, Height in Coinbase" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0034.mediawiki", "en": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0034.mediawiki" }, "hostname": "github.com", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-17" }, { "id": "source:033ba18895941daa8b97", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "BIP 340 — secp256k1 Schnorr Signatures", "en": "BIP 340 — secp256k1 Schnorr Signatures" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0340.mediawiki", "en": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0340.mediawiki" }, "hostname": "github.com", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-29" }, { "id": "source:2ecfb8097a24cab7f8a1", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "BIP 341 — Taproot", "en": "BIP 341 — Taproot" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0341.mediawiki", "en": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0341.mediawiki" }, "hostname": "github.com", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-24" }, { "id": "source:8b0784e4f8eb890d7156", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "BIP 342 — Taproot スクリプトの検証", "en": "BIP 342 — Validation of Taproot Scripts" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0342.mediawiki", "en": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0342.mediawiki" }, "hostname": "github.com", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-17" }, { "id": "source:279c916a613bbb1925d4", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "BIP 360 — Pay-to-Merkle-Root（Draft）", "en": "BIP 360 — Pay-to-Merkle-Root (Draft)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0360.mediawiki", "en": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0360.mediawiki" }, "hostname": "github.com", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-24" }, { "id": "source:9f56d75e0fd2d4aca79d", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "BIP 361 — Post Quantum Migration and Legacy Signature Sunset（Draft）", "en": "BIP 361 — Post Quantum Migration and Legacy Signature Sunset (Draft)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0361.mediawiki", "en": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0361.mediawiki" }, "hostname": "github.com", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-24" }, { "id": "source:37726b1edc0ba2fae1b4", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "BIP 49 — P2SH にネストした P2WPKH アカウントの導出方式", "en": "BIP 49 — Derivation scheme for P2WPKH-nested-in-P2SH based accounts" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0049.mediawiki", "en": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0049.mediawiki" }, "hostname": "github.com", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-17" }, { "id": "source:faf258cc7686efc2c20a", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "BIP 54 — Consensus Cleanup（time-warp等の修正提案、Status: Complete）", "en": "BIP 54 — Consensus Cleanup (proposed fix for time-warp and others; Status: Complete)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0054.md", "en": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0054.md" }, "hostname": "github.com", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "source:aac6c0ed4fed073e6ce9", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "BIP 8 — ブロック高によるロックインを伴うバージョンビット", "en": "BIP 8 — Version bits with lock-in by height" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0008.mediawiki", "en": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0008.mediawiki" }, "hostname": "github.com", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-17" }, { "id": "source:610718c2a563a961cbdf", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "BIP 84 — P2WPKH アカウントの導出方式", "en": "BIP 84 — Derivation scheme for P2WPKH based accounts" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0084.mediawiki", "en": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0084.mediawiki" }, "hostname": "github.com", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-17" }, { "id": "source:30a9d9a49f213fd622d9", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "BIP 86 — 単一鍵 P2TR 出力のための鍵導出", "en": "BIP 86 — Key Derivation for Single Key P2TR Outputs" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0086.mediawiki", "en": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0086.mediawiki" }, "hostname": "github.com", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-17" }, { "id": "source:128c4739436881adb454", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "BIP 9 — タイムアウトと遅延を伴うバージョンビット", "en": "BIP 9 — Version bits with timeout and delay" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0009.mediawiki", "en": 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results and publication", "en": "World Community Grid — OpenZika results and publication" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/about_us/article.s?articleId=779", "en": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/about_us/article.s?articleId=779" }, "hostname": "worldcommunitygrid.org", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "source:3f9ff82566f742f619e9", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "World Community Grid — Points and BOINC-credit conversion", "en": "World Community Grid — Points and BOINC-credit conversion" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/help/topic.s?shortName=points", "en": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/help/topic.s?shortName=points" }, "hostname": "worldcommunitygrid.org", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "source:bf10ac096a6419b89335", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "World Community Grid — Points and contribution accounting", "en": "World Community Grid — Points and contribution accounting" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/help/search.s?searchString=what+are+my+points+good+for", "en": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/help/search.s?searchString=what+are+my+points+good+for" }, "hostname": "worldcommunitygrid.org", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "source:e9f0384c418948157a4c", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "World Community Grid — Privacy statement", "en": "World Community Grid — Privacy statement" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/viewPrivacyStatement.do", "en": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/viewPrivacyStatement.do" }, "hostname": "worldcommunitygrid.org", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "source:f32eb82b067362f6a389", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "World Community Grid — Project and recruitment badges", "en": "World Community Grid — Project and recruitment badges" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/help/topic.s?shortName=web", "en": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/help/topic.s?shortName=web" }, "hostname": "worldcommunitygrid.org", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "source:e5e616ec945932fa46b8", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "World Community Grid — Registration and participation", "en": "World Community Grid — Registration and participation" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/help/topic.s?shortName=reg", "en": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/help/topic.s?shortName=reg" }, "hostname": "worldcommunitygrid.org", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "source:b4c47e62ebd34aa79230", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "World Community Grid — Research proposal criteria", "en": "World Community Grid — Research proposal criteria" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/research/proposal.s", "en": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/research/proposal.s" }, "hostname": "worldcommunitygrid.org", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "source:015d60caa14ba8a40f57", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "World Community Grid — Result validation help", "en": "World Community Grid — Result validation help" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/help/search.s?searchString=validate", "en": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/help/search.s?searchString=validate" }, "hostname": "worldcommunitygrid.org", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "source:27d9b14518b33790c399", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "World Community Grid — Returning results", "en": "World Community Grid — Returning results" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/help/topic.s?shortName=results", "en": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/help/topic.s?shortName=results" }, "hostname": "worldcommunitygrid.org", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "source:181737360d9fd7d19351", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "World Community Grid — Security", "en": "World Community Grid — Security" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/about/security.s", "en": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/about/security.s" }, "hostname": "worldcommunitygrid.org", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "source:f7564d33a160f0b1d92c", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "World Community Grid — Statistics by project（live）", "en": "World Community Grid — Statistics by project (live)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/stat/viewProjects.do", "en": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/stat/viewProjects.do" }, "hostname": "worldcommunitygrid.org", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "source:5e0a93ff8867ae9e7d66", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "World Community Grid — Team challenges", "en": "World Community Grid — Team challenges" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/help/topic.s?shortName=tmch", "en": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/help/topic.s?shortName=tmch" }, "hostname": "worldcommunitygrid.org", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-23" }, { "id": "source:f586d23c3b8d8bd0fea0", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "World Community Grid — Understanding project progress", "en": "World Community Grid — Understanding project progress" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/help/topic.s?shortName=progress", "en": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/help/topic.s?shortName=progress" }, "hostname": "worldcommunitygrid.org", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "source:79ac327f5265c590b29e", "type": "source", "label": { "ja": "World Community Grid — Website and forum restart（2022）", "en": "World Community Grid — Website and forum restart (2022)" }, "urls": { "ja": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/about_us/article.s?articleId=771", "en": "https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/about_us/article.s?articleId=771" }, "hostname": "worldcommunitygrid.org", "associated_content_last_verified": "2026-08-22" }, { "id": "figure:chain-structure", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "chain-structure", "caption": { "ja": "各ブロックは直前のブロックのハッシュを Prev Hash として保持するため、途中のブロックを書き換えるとそのブロックのハッシュが変わり、次のブロックが記録した値と一致しなくなって連鎖が壊れる。図の先頭ゼロは数値hashがPoW target未満であることの視覚的な略記で、書き換えた履歴を有効なchain候補へ戻すにはworkのやり直しが必要になる。", "en": "Each block stores the previous block's hash, so editing a block in the middle changes its hash, which no longer matches what the next block recorded—the chain breaks. The illustrated leading zeros are visual shorthand for a numeric hash below the proof-of-work target; restoring an altered history as a valid chain candidate requires redoing the work." }, "alt": { "ja": "3 つのブロックが左から右に並ぶ図。各ブロックは Prev Hash / Merkle Root / Nonce の 3 区画を持ち、ブロックの下にそのブロック自身のハッシュ値が書かれている。ブロック 1 のハッシュ 0000c1a9 はブロック 2 の Prev Hash と同じ値で、矢印が「match」と示して繋がっている。中央のブロック 2 は Merkle Root が書き換えられており（edited と表示）、その結果ブロック 2 のハッシュは 7fa1e52c に変化し、先頭のゼロ（PoW の条件）も失われている。ブロック 3 が保持する Prev Hash は元の値 0000d47b のままなので、ブロック 2 からブロック 3 へ向かう矢印はバツ印で断ち切られ「mismatch」と示されている。", "en": "Three blocks arranged left to right. Each block has three fields — Prev Hash, Merkle Root and Nonce — with the block's own hash printed underneath. Block 1's hash 0000c1a9 equals the Prev Hash stored in Block 2, and an arrow labelled \"match\" connects them. The middle Block 2 has been altered (marked \"edited\"): its Merkle Root is highlighted and its own hash has become 7fa1e52c, losing the leading zeros required by proof of work. Block 3 still stores the old value 0000d47b as its Prev Hash, so the arrow running from Block 2 to Block 3 is cut by a cross and labelled \"mismatch\"." } }, { "id": "figure:pow-loop", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "pow-loop", "caption": { "ja": "単純化した探索loop。Nonceなどheaderへ影響する値を変え、SHA-256dの数値結果がTarget未満になる候補を探す。発見後はnetworkへbroadcastされ、各full nodeがProof of Workと全block ruleを検証する。候補発見だけで即時確定するわけではない。", "en": "A simplified search loop: change the nonce or other data that affects the header and seek a numeric SHA-256d result below the target. The candidate is then broadcast, and every full node validates the proof of work and all block rules; discovery alone is not instant finality." }, "alt": { "ja": "単純化した探索フローチャート。左上の箱「Block header + Nonce」から矢印が「SHA-256 x2」の箱へ、さらに「Hash 0000a3f7...」の箱へ進む。そこから下へ矢印が伸び、ひし形の数値判定「< Target ?」に入る。判定がNoなら「Nonce + 1」として探索へ戻り、Yesなら「Candidate found」へ進む。候補発見後のbroadcastとfull node検証はcaptionで補う。", "en": "A simplified search flowchart. “Block header + Nonce” leads to “SHA-256 x2”, then “Hash 0000a3f7...” and the numeric test “< Target ?”. No loops back as “Nonce + 1”; Yes reaches “Candidate found”. The caption adds the subsequent broadcast and full-node validation steps." } }, { "id": "figure:supply-curve", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "supply-curve", "caption": { "ja": "新規発行量は約 4 年ごとの半減期で半分になるため、累積供給は 2,100 万 BTC の上限に漸近し、2140 年ごろに新規発行が終わる。", "en": "Because new issuance halves roughly every four years, cumulative supply approaches the 21 million cap and new issuance ends around 2140." }, "alt": { "ja": "累積 BTC 供給量の折れ線グラフ。横軸は 2009 年から 2140 年まで（2028 年より右は軸を省略記号で圧縮）、縦軸は 0 から 2,100 万 BTC。線は 2009 年の 0 から急に立ち上がり、2012・2016・2020・2024 の各半減期（縦の点線と点で示す）を境に傾きがそのつど半分になる。2012 年時点で約 1,050 万に達し、以後の増分は約 525 万、262 万、131 万と縮小していく。上部には 21M と書かれた水平破線が漸近線として引かれ、2140 年の点がその線にほぼ接している。", "en": "A line chart of cumulative BTC supply. The horizontal axis runs from 2009 to 2140 (compressed after 2028 with an axis break); the vertical axis runs from 0 to 21 million BTC. The line rises steeply from 0 in 2009 and its slope halves at each halving — 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024 — marked by dotted vertical lines and dots. It reaches about 10.5 million by 2012, after which each increment shrinks (about 5.25M, then 2.6M, then 1.3M). A dashed horizontal line labelled 21M sits across the top as an asymptote, with the 2140 point resting just below it." } }, { "id": "figure:utxo-flow", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "utxo-flow", "caption": { "ja": "ビットコインの送金は口座残高を書き換えるのではなく、手持ちの UTXO を丸ごと使い切って新しい UTXO（送金分とお釣り）を作り直す操作で、入力と出力の差額がそのまま手数料になる。", "en": "A bitcoin payment does not edit an account balance: it consumes whole existing UTXOs and creates new ones (the payment and the change), and whatever is left over between inputs and outputs becomes the fee." }, "alt": { "ja": "UTXO モデルの流れ図。左の Inputs には UTXO の箱が 2 つあり、それぞれ 0.5 BTC と 0.3 BTC（合計 0.80 BTC）。2 本の矢印が中央の Transaction の箱に集まり、箱の中には in 0.80 BTC / out 0.79 BTC と書かれている。そこから右へ 2 本の矢印が分かれ、Outputs の箱 2 つ — payment 0.60 BTC と change（お釣り）0.19 BTC — に向かう。Transaction の箱の下には破線矢印が伸び、差額である fee 0.01 BTC を示している。", "en": "A UTXO flow diagram. On the left, under \"Inputs\", two UTXO boxes hold 0.5 BTC and 0.3 BTC (0.80 BTC in total). Two arrows converge on a central \"Transaction\" box that reads \"in 0.80 BTC\" and \"out 0.79 BTC\". Two arrows then fan out to the right to the \"Outputs\" boxes: a payment of 0.60 BTC and change of 0.19 BTC. A dashed arrow drops from the transaction box to a label reading \"fee 0.01 BTC\", the difference between inputs and outputs." } }, { "id": "figure:consensus-roles", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "consensus-roles", "caption": { "ja": "ウォレット、ノード、mempool、マイナー、ブロックは別の役割を持つ。マイナーは取引を選んで並べるが、そのブロックを受け入れるかは各ノードが独立に検証する。", "en": "Wallets, nodes, mempools, miners and blocks play different roles. Miners select and order transactions, but each node independently decides whether the resulting block is valid." }, "alt": { "ja": "左から、取引を作るウォレット、取引を検証して中継するノード、候補を一時保持するmempool、候補から取引を選ぶマイナー、検証済みの履歴へ追加されるブロックが矢印でつながる。ノードとブロックが強調され、ノードはマイナーの指示ではなく自分のルールでブロックを検証すると示す。", "en": "A left-to-right flow connects a wallet that creates a transaction, a node that validates and relays it, a mempool that holds candidates, a miner that selects transactions, and a block that extends history. The node and block are emphasized, showing that nodes validate blocks under their own rules rather than taking validity from miners." } }, { "id": "figure:signature-check", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "signature-check", "caption": { "ja": "秘密鍵は送金の許可を示す署名を作り、ネットワークは公開鍵でその署名を検証する。ネットワークへ送られるのは取引と署名であり、秘密鍵ではない。", "en": "The private key creates proof that spending was authorized, and the network verifies that signature with the public key. The transaction and signature travel; the private key does not." }, "alt": { "ja": "取引内容をハッシュ化し、秘密鍵で署名を作り、その署名を取引に添付し、公開鍵で検証する4段階の流れ。秘密鍵はウォレット外へ出ないことが注記されている。", "en": "A four-step flow: hash the transaction, use the private key to create a signature, attach the signature to the transaction, and verify it with the public key. A note states that the private key never leaves the wallet." } }, { "id": "figure:wallet-key-tree", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "wallet-key-tree", "caption": { "ja": "HDウォレットは1つのシードから、口座・受取・お釣りという階層を経て多数の鍵とアドレスを決定論的に導出する。シードのバックアップは木全体の復旧手段になる。", "en": "An HD wallet deterministically derives many keys and addresses from one seed through account, receive and change branches. Backing up the seed is therefore a way to recover the whole tree." }, "alt": { "ja": "上部のシードから2つの口座へ枝分かれし、各口座が受取とお釣りの枝に分かれ、さらに複数の番号付きアドレスへ展開する鍵階層の木。", "en": "A hierarchical key tree: one seed branches into two accounts; each account branches into receive and change chains; each chain expands into multiple numbered addresses." } }, { "id": "figure:lightning-channel", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "lightning-channel", "caption": { "ja": "Lightningチャネルはオンチェーン取引で開き、参加者間の署名済み残高を何度も更新し、最後に必要な場合だけオンチェーンへ決済する。", "en": "A Lightning channel opens with an on-chain transaction, updates signed balances between participants many times, and only settles the final result on chain when needed." }, "alt": { "ja": "資金投入取引、署名済み残高の更新、多数のオフチェーン支払い、最終残高を記録する閉鎖取引が左から右につながる。開始と終了だけがブロックチェーンへ記録される。", "en": "A left-to-right flow shows a funding transaction, signed balance updates, many off-chain payments, and a closing transaction that settles the final balance. Only opening and closing are recorded on chain." } }, { "id": "figure:layer-stack", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "layer-stack", "caption": { "ja": "Layer 2はBitcoinの外側に別の通貨を置くのではなく、基底層の所有権と最終決済を利用しながら、頻繁な状態更新を上の層へ移す。層ごとに速度と信頼前提が異なる。", "en": "Layer 2 does not simply place another currency beside Bitcoin. It moves frequent state updates upward while using the base layer for ownership and final settlement; each layer has different speed and trust assumptions." }, "alt": { "ja": "下からP2PとProof of Work、Bitcoinコンセンサス、LightningなどのLayer 2、ウォレットや決済UIなどのアプリケーションが積み重なる4層構造。Bitcoinコンセンサス層が強調されている。", "en": "A four-layer stack: P2P and proof of work at the bottom, Bitcoin consensus above it, Lightning and other Layer 2 systems next, and wallet or payment applications at the top. The Bitcoin consensus layer is emphasized." } }, { "id": "figure:fork-types", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "fork-types", "caption": { "ja": "ソフトフォークは有効なブロックの範囲を狭めるため、未更新ノードとも同じ履歴を維持しやすい。ハードフォークは旧ルールで無効だった範囲まで広げるため、合意できなければ履歴が分かれる。", "en": "A soft fork narrows the set of valid blocks, making it possible for upgraded and old nodes to remain on one history. A hard fork expands validity beyond the old rules, so disagreement can split history." }, "alt": { "ja": "左のソフトフォーク欄では旧ノードと新ルールが同じ一本のチェーンを維持する。右のハードフォーク欄では共通地点からルールAとルールBの2本へチェーンが分岐する。", "en": "In the soft-fork panel, old nodes and stricter new rules remain on one chain. In the hard-fork panel, the chain splits from a common point into two histories following rules A and B." } }, { "id": "figure:privacy-traces", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "privacy-traces", "caption": { "ja": "ビットコインの台帳は公開されている。アドレス再利用、共通入力、お釣り、金額、時刻と取引所などの外部情報を組み合わせると、アドレス群と人物の関係を推定できるが、推定と確定は区別が必要になる。", "en": "Bitcoin’s ledger is public. Address reuse, common inputs, change, amounts and timing can be combined with exchange or other outside data to infer links between clusters and people, but inference must not be confused with certainty." }, "alt": { "ja": "公開取引の金額と時刻、アドレス再利用や入力・お釣り、確率的クラスタリング、取引所などの外部情報を順に組み合わせ、最後に人物との推定関係へ至る流れ。結果は確定ではないと強調される。", "en": "A flow combines public transaction amounts and timing, address reuse and input/change patterns, probabilistic clustering, and outside information such as exchanges, ending in a likely identity link that is explicitly marked as not certain." } }, { "id": "figure:etf-custody-flow", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "etf-custody-flow", "caption": { "ja": "現物ETFでは、投資家が証券市場で持分を売買し、指定参加者が設定・交換を通じて市場価格と純資産価値を近づける。裏側のBTCはカストディアンが保管し、投資家自身は秘密鍵を持たない。", "en": "In a spot ETF, investors trade shares on the stock market while authorized participants create or redeem shares to keep price near net asset value. A custodian holds the underlying bitcoin; investors do not hold its private keys." }, "alt": { "ja": "投資家、証券市場のETF持分、設定と交換を行う指定参加者、持分を発行する信託、BTCを保管するカストディアンが順につながる。投資家はBTCの秘密鍵ではなくETF持分を持つと注記される。", "en": "A flow connects an investor, ETF shares on the stock market, an authorized participant that creates or redeems, the issuing trust, and a custodian holding bitcoin. A note says the investor owns shares rather than bitcoin private keys." } }, { "id": "figure:security-layers", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "security-layers", "caption": { "ja": "ビットコインの安全性は、プロトコル、カストディ、取引相手、制度という異なる4層を分けて評価する。", "en": "Bitcoin security spans four distinct layers: protocol, custody, counterparties, and institutions." }, "alt": { "ja": "下からプロトコル、カストディ、取引相手、制度を積み重ねたビットコインの安全性の4層。秘密鍵を扱うカストディ層が強調されている。", "en": "Four layers of Bitcoin security stack protocol, custody, counterparties and institutions from bottom to top, with the private-key custody layer emphasized." } }, { "id": "figure:node-validation", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "node-validation", "caption": { "ja": "ノードは受け取ったデータをそのまま保存しない。構文・署名・参照するUTXO・二重使用・ブロック規則を検査し、取引ならmempool、ブロックなら有効なチェーンへ進める。", "en": "A node does not simply store whatever it receives. It checks structure, signatures, referenced UTXOs, double spending and block rules before admitting a transaction to its mempool or a block to its valid chain." }, "alt": { "ja": "P2Pで取引またはブロックを受信し、構文と署名を検査し、コンセンサス規則とUTXOを検証し、結果をmempoolまたはチェーンへ保存して中継する4段階の流れ。", "en": "A four-step validation flow: receive a transaction or block over P2P, check syntax and signatures, apply consensus and UTXO checks, then store and relay it in the mempool or valid chain." } }, { "id": "figure:confirmation-risk", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "confirmation-risk", "caption": { "ja": "ホワイトペーパー§11のモデルでは、攻撃者のハッシュ率を10%に固定すると、追いつく確率は1承認の約20.5%から6承認の約0.024%へ急減する。これは固定ハッシュ率などを仮定したモデル値で、現実の保証値ではない。", "en": "In the whitepaper §11 model, fixing attacker hash power at 10% makes catch-up probability fall from about 20.5% after one confirmation to about 0.024% after six. These are model outputs under fixed assumptions, not guarantees for every real attack." }, "alt": { "ja": "承認数1から6に対し、追いつく確率が20.5%、5.10%、1.32%、0.346%、0.091%、0.024%と急速に低下する折れ線グラフ。6承認の点が強調される。", "en": "A line chart across one to six confirmations, with catch-up probability falling rapidly through 20.5%, 5.10%, 1.32%, 0.346%, 0.091% and 0.024%. The six-confirmation point is emphasized." } }, { "id": "figure:custody-spectrum", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "custody-spectrum", "caption": { "ja": "保管方式は「取引所か自己管理か」の二択だけではない。事業者管理、共同管理、自己管理の間で、復旧の容易さ、秘密鍵の支配、検証責任、単一障害点が連続的に変わる。", "en": "Custody is not only a choice between an exchange and full self-custody. Custodial, collaborative and self-custody arrangements form a spectrum across recovery convenience, key control, verification responsibility and single points of failure." }, "alt": { "ja": "左の事業者管理から中央の2-of-3共同管理、右の自分の鍵による自己管理までを一本の軸で示す。右へ進むほど鍵と検証を自分で担い、左ほど復旧と運用を事業者へ任せやすい。", "en": "A spectrum runs from custodial exchange storage on the left, through collaborative 2-of-3 custody in the middle, to self-custody with your own keys on the right. Moving right increases personal key control and verification responsibility; moving left delegates recovery and operations." } }, { "id": "figure:computing-hardware-timeline", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "computing-hardware-timeline", "caption": { "ja": "計算機の歴史はCPUからGPU、ASICへ一直線に置き換わった歴史ではない。stored-program設計、transistor、IC、MOS、microprocessor、FPGA、GPU、分散科学計算、Bitcoin ASICという異なる発明が重なり、古い種類も制御・汎用処理・検証という役割を変えて残っている。", "en": "Computing history is not a straight replacement of CPUs by GPUs and ASICs. Stored-program design, transistors, integrated circuits, MOS, microprocessors, FPGAs, GPUs, distributed science, and Bitcoin ASICs overlap, while older device classes persist in control, general computation, and verification roles." }, "alt": { "ja": "1945年のEDVAC First Draft、1947年のtransistor、1958年から1960年の集積回路とMOS、1971年のIntel 4004、1985年の商用FPGA、1999年のGPU製品category、2008年のBOINC GPU計算、2013年のBitcoin ASICを交互に配置した時間軸。媒体、集積、実行model、制度は重なって進み、旧来のprocessorも別の役割で残ると注記する。", "en": "A timeline alternates milestones above and below one line: the 1945 EDVAC First Draft, the 1947 transistor, integrated circuits and MOS from 1958 to 1960, the Intel 4004 in 1971, commercial FPGA in 1985, the GPU product category in 1999, BOINC GPU computing in 2008, and Bitcoin ASICs in 2013. A note says media, integration, execution models, and institutions overlap while older processor classes persist." } }, { "id": "figure:processor-specialization-spectrum", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "processor-specialization-spectrum", "caption": { "ja": "CPU、GPU、FPGA、ASICの違いは単純な速度順位ではなく、実行modelと変更の単位にある。softwareを替えるCPUとGPU、bitstreamで回路を再構成するFPGA、siliconを再設計するASICでは、汎用性、用途固有実装のNRE・再設計負担、量産時の効率、algorithm変更への耐性が異なる。費用は設計とapplicationに依存し、単純な価格順位ではない。", "en": "CPU, GPU, FPGA, and ASIC differ in execution model and unit of change, not in one speed ranking. CPUs and GPUs change through software, FPGAs load circuit configurations, and ASICs require silicon redesign, producing different tradeoffs in generality, purpose-specific implementation NRE and redesign burden, production efficiency, and resilience to algorithm changes. Costs depend on the design and application rather than forming one price ranking." }, "alt": { "ja": "CPU、GPU、FPGA、ASICを4列で比較する表。実行modelは命令stream、多数thread、構成した回路、固定回路。変更方法はsoftware、kernel、bitstream、silicon再設計。適する条件は複雑な分岐と幅広いapplication、規則的data parallel、低latencyのstream処理、安定した高volume workloadで、左ほど汎用で変更しやすく、右ほど用途固有実装のNREと再設計負担が一般に増える。ただし単純な価格順位ではない。", "en": "A four-column matrix compares CPU, GPU, FPGA, and ASIC. Execution changes from instruction streams through many threads and configured circuits to fixed circuits; updates change from software and kernels through bitstreams to silicon redesign. Workload fit progresses from branching and broad applications through regular data parallelism and low-latency streams to stable high-volume work. Purpose-specific implementation NRE and redesign burden generally rise toward the right, but this is not a simple price ranking." } }, { "id": "figure:memory-compute-bottlenecks", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "memory-compute-bottlenecks", "caption": { "ja": "到達可能なthroughputは演算器のpeakだけで決まらない。算術密度が低い領域ではmemory bandwidthとdata movementが上限になり、十分に再利用できる領域で初めてcompute上限へ近づく。これはrooflineの関係を示す概念図で、特定CPUやGPUの実測benchmarkではない。", "en": "Attainable throughput is not determined by peak compute alone. At low arithmetic intensity, memory bandwidth and data movement impose the ceiling; only with enough data reuse can a workload approach the compute limit. This is a conceptual roofline relation, not a benchmark of any named CPU or GPU." }, "alt": { "ja": "横軸を移動byteあたりの演算量、縦軸を到達可能throughputとした概念graph。左下から右上へ伸びるmemory-bandwidth上限線が途中で水平なcompute上限線へ接続し、左をdata-movement bound、右をcompute boundと示す。特定製品の測定値ではないと明記される。", "en": "A conceptual graph plots operations per byte moved on the horizontal axis and attainable throughput on the vertical axis. A rising memory-bandwidth ceiling from the lower left meets a horizontal compute ceiling, separating a data-movement-bound region from a compute-bound region. A note states that no product benchmark is being plotted." } }, { "id": "figure:ai-computing-system", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "ai-computing-system", "caption": { "ja": "AI computerはGPU単体ではない。CPUが制御とI/Oを担い、GPU・NPU・ASICが適した並列kernelを処理し、cache・SRAM・HBM・DRAMがdataを保持・供給する。interconnect、storage、software、電力、冷却まで含めたsystemであり、到達性能は最も遅い経路やcapacity不足にも制約される。図は役割の概念stackで、製品間の速度順位ではない。", "en": "An AI computer is not a GPU alone. CPUs handle control and I/O, GPUs, NPUs, and ASICs run suitable parallel kernels, and caches, SRAM, HBM, and DRAM hold and feed data. Interconnects, storage, software, power, and cooling complete the system, whose useful performance can be constrained by a slow path or insufficient capacity. This is a conceptual role stack, not a product speed ranking." }, "alt": { "ja": "AI計算systemを7層で示す概念図。上からapplicationとdata、制御・分岐・I/O・低latencyを担うCPU、規則的なmatrix・tensor演算を担うGPU・NPU・ASIC、小容量で近いcache・SRAM、容量・帯域・latencyが異なるHBM・VRAM・DRAM、device間通信とdata供給を担うinterconnect・storage、system制約となるpower・cooling・softwareを積み重ねる。CPU、accelerator、memoryの3層を強調し、どれか一つだけでAI systemが成立しないことを示す。", "en": "A seven-layer conceptual AI computing stack. From top to bottom it shows applications and data; the CPU for control, branching, I/O, and low latency; GPUs, NPUs, and ASICs for regular matrix and tensor operations; nearby low-capacity cache and SRAM; the capacity, bandwidth, and latency hierarchy of HBM, VRAM, and DRAM; interconnects and storage for communication and data supply; and power, cooling, and software as whole-system constraints. CPU, accelerator, and memory layers are emphasized to show that no one component forms an AI system by itself." } }, { "id": "figure:supercomputing-evolution", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "supercomputing-evolution", "caption": { "ja": "スーパーコンピュータ史は、単一CPUのclock競争ではない。CDC 6600の役割分担、Cray-1のvector処理、超並列化、Beowulf型cluster、CPU・GPU・memory・networkを束ねるexascaleへ、bottleneckと用途に合わせて構成を変えてきた。図は系譜の概念化で、各時代の全機種や性能順位を示すものではない。", "en": "Supercomputing history is not one race for CPU clock speed. The lineage moves through the CDC 6600 division of labor, Cray-1 vector processing, massively parallel systems, Beowulf-style clusters, and exascale systems joining CPUs, GPUs, memory, and networks. This is a conceptual lineage, not a complete model list or performance ranking." }, "alt": { "ja": "1964年CDC 6600の計算とI/Oの分業、1976年Cray-1のvector処理、1993年TOP500が映す超並列化、1994年Beowulfの汎用cluster、2022年以降の異種exascale systemを矢印で結ぶ。後の方式が前の方式を完全に置換したのではないと注記する。", "en": "A flow links the CDC 6600 compute and I/O split in 1964, Cray-1 vector processing in 1976, massively parallel computing represented by the 1993 TOP500 launch, the 1994 Beowulf commodity cluster, and heterogeneous exascale systems from 2022. A note says later designs did not simply erase earlier approaches." } }, { "id": "figure:quantum-computing-stack", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "quantum-computing-stack", "caption": { "ja": "有用な量子計算はrawなphysical qubit数だけでは決まらない。noisyな素子とgateの上でsyndromeを繰り返し測定・decodeし、logical qubitとfault-tolerant circuitを成立させて初めて、適合するalgorithmを長く実行できる。古典計算機は準備、制御、decode、測定、結果検証へ各段階で関わる。これは依存関係の概念図で、必要qubit数や実現時期の見積もりではない。", "en": "Useful quantum computation is not determined by raw physical-qubit count alone. Repeated syndrome measurement and decoding must turn noisy devices and gates into logical qubits and fault-tolerant circuits before a suitable algorithm can run deeply. Classical computers participate throughout preparation, control, decoding, measurement, and verification. This is a conceptual dependency diagram, not an estimate of qubit requirements or delivery dates." }, "alt": { "ja": "量子計算の依存関係を5層で示す概念stack。上から限定された構造を持つ問題とShor・Groverなどの量子algorithm、訂正されたqubitとfault-tolerant gateによるlogical circuit、syndrome測定・decode・feedbackを行うerror correction、noisyな素子・接続・gate・readoutからなるphysical qubit、準備・制御・測定・結果確認を担う古典計算を並べる。error correctionと古典制御を強調し、raw qubit数だけでは能力を表せないことを示す。", "en": "A five-layer conceptual dependency stack for quantum computing. From top to bottom it shows a structured problem and a narrow quantum algorithm such as Shor or Grover; a logical circuit built from corrected qubits and fault-tolerant gates; error correction using syndrome checks, decoding, and feedback; physical qubits as noisy devices, connections, gates, and readout; and classical computing for preparation, control, measurement, and result checking. Error correction and classical control are emphasized to show why raw qubit count alone does not express useful capability." } }, { "id": "figure:computing-futures-scenarios", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "computing-futures-scenarios", "caption": { "ja": "未来を一本の年表として断定せず、現在の観測、2031年頃の比較的高確度な方向、2036年頃の分岐scenario、人間の責任、blockchainが担い得る限定的な役割を別の層として読む。年月は予言日ではなく、更新可能な検討時点である。", "en": "The future is not one deterministic timeline. This stack separates current observations, higher-confidence directions around 2031, branching scenarios around 2036, human responsibility, and the limited roles blockchain might play. The dates are review horizons, not prophecy deadlines." }, "alt": { "ja": "5層のscenario図。2026年の観測事実、2031年の専用化とAI/HPC融合、2036年の減速・継続・加速の分岐、人間が担う目的・権限・責任・正当性、blockchainの決済・識別・監査用途を積み、blockchainは現実の真実を証明するoracleではないと示す。", "en": "A five-layer scenario diagram separates 2026 observations; 2031 specialization, AI/HPC convergence, and data movement; 2036 slowdown, continuation, or acceleration branches; human responsibility for goals, authority, accountability, and legitimacy; and blockchain as a possible payment, identity, or audit rail rather than a truth oracle." } }, { "id": "figure:semiconductor-ecosystem", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "semiconductor-ecosystem", "caption": { "ja": "一台のcomputerやminerは一社だけの成果ではない。研究と仕様、ISA・IP・chip設計、EDA、lithography装置、wafer製造、memory、packageとtest、board・電源・冷却、software、運用と検証が連鎖する。企業名は「半導体企業」と一括せず、各層での役割と当時の所有関係に帰属させる。", "en": "No computer or miner is the achievement of one company alone. Research and specifications, ISA and IP, chip design, EDA, lithography equipment, wafer fabrication, memory, packaging and test, boards, power, cooling, software, operation, and verification form a chain. Company contributions belong to specific layers and ownership periods rather than one undifferentiated “semiconductor industry.”" }, "alt": { "ja": "半導体ecosystemを9層に分けたstack図。上から仕様・研究、architecture・IP・chip設計、EDA、ASMLなどの製造装置、TSMC・Samsung・Intelなどのwafer製造、DRAM・HBM・VRAM memory、ASEなどOSATのpackage・test、board・電源・firmware・冷却のsystem統合、BOINC/WCG・full node・pool・facilityの運用・検証を示し、異なる企業役割を一括しない。", "en": "A nine-layer semiconductor ecosystem stack separates specification and research; architecture, IP, and chip design; EDA; manufacturing equipment such as ASML lithography systems; wafer fabrication by TSMC, Samsung, Intel, and others; DRAM, HBM, and VRAM memory; packaging and test by ASE and other OSAT providers; board, power, firmware, and cooling integration; and operation and verification by BOINC/WCG, full nodes, pools, and facilities." } }, { "id": "figure:two-cell-computing-paths", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "two-cell-computing-paths", "caption": { "ja": "同じ「Cell」という語でも、Cell Broadband EngineはSony・Toshiba・IBMが共同設計したprocessor、NTT DATAのcell computingは分散計算製品・serviceのbrandである。PS3はFolding@home独自基盤へ参加し、GeneはBOINCを組み込んで管理下のLAN PCへjobを配った。名称ではなく技術層、運営主体、端末所有、参加範囲で区別する。", "en": "The shared word “Cell” hides two unrelated lineages. Cell Broadband Engine was a processor co-designed by Sony, Toshiba, and IBM; NTT DATA cell computing was a distributed-computing product and service brand. PS3 joined Folding@home’s own infrastructure, while Gene embedded BOINC to dispatch jobs across managed LAN PCs. Distinguish them by technical layer, operator, device ownership, and participation model." }, "alt": { "ja": "上段はCell Broadband Engine processorからPlayStation 3を経てStanfordとSony Computer Entertainmentによる公開volunteer型Folding@homeへ進むhardware系譜。下段はNTT DATAのcell computing brandから、管理下LAN PC向けBOINC packageのGeneと、一般参加型Internet基盤βirthへ分岐するsoftware・service系譜。同じCell表記でも、Cell/B.E.はchip、Geneはmiddleware、Folding@homeはBOINC projectではないと注記する。", "en": "The upper path runs from the Cell Broadband Engine processor through PlayStation 3 to public-volunteer Folding@home coordinated by Stanford and Sony Computer Entertainment. The lower path runs from NTT DATA’s cell computing brand to Gene, a BOINC-based package for managed LAN PCs, and βirth, a public Internet platform. A note distinguishes Cell/B.E. as a chip, Gene as middleware, and Folding@home as a non-BOINC project." } }, { "id": "figure:compute-incentive-regimes", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "compute-incentive-regimes", "caption": { "ja": "計算貢献の会計は一種類ではない。BOINCなどのcreditは原則として非譲渡の承認と順位を作り、GIMPSやRC5には賞金の例外があり、暗号資産PoWはprotocol報酬やpool payoutを市場価値へ接続し、AI・cloudは契約や利用料金で資源を配分する。これは善意から欲望へ進む道徳的順位ではなく、異なる制度の比較である。", "en": "Computational contribution is not governed by one accounting system. BOINC-style credit generally creates non-transferable recognition and rank; GIMPS and RC5 include prize exceptions; cryptocurrency proof of work connects protocol or pool rewards to market value; and AI or cloud capacity is allocated by contracts and fees. This compares institutions rather than ranking motives from altruism to greed." }, "alt": { "ja": "科学credit、賞金型の例外、暗号資産Proof of Work、AI・cloudの4列を比較する図。各列で記録単位、交換可能性、競争または配分方法を分け、BOINCのvalidated creditとteam順位、GIMPS・RC5賞金、block・pool shareの記録とBTC・pool payout、job・token・時間と企業・研究予算を示す。", "en": "A four-column comparison of science credit, prize exceptions, cryptocurrency proof of work, and AI or cloud allocation. Each column separates the recorded unit, transferability, and form of competition or allocation: validated BOINC credit and team ranks; GIMPS and RC5 prizes; recorded blocks or pool shares with BTC or pool payouts; and jobs, tokens, or time funded by contracts and research budgets." } }, { "id": "figure:gpu-demand-history", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "gpu-demand-history", "caption": { "ja": "GPUの用途史は、科学、gaming、暗号資産、AIが順番に一つずつ置換した物語ではない。CUDA以後の科学計算、Bitcoinの短いGPU期と2013年のAvalon ASIC初回出荷、Ethereumの2015〜2022年PoW、2012年のAlexNet以後のAI利用と2025〜26年の企業開示は重なって進んだ。各laneの横位置は共通の暦年軸で、線幅は市場shareやBOINCからの転出台数を表さない。", "en": "GPU history is not a sequence in which science, gaming, cryptocurrency, and AI replace one another. CUDA-era science, Bitcoin’s brief GPU phase and the first Avalon ASIC shipment in 2013, Ethereum proof of work from 2015 to 2022, and AI use since AlexNet in 2012 alongside 2025–26 company filings overlapped. Horizontal position uses one shared calendar scale; lane width does not encode market share or a measured migration away from BOINC." }, "alt": { "ja": "共通の暦年横軸に、科学・BOINC、Bitcoin、Ethereum、AIの4本の平行laneを置く。科学は2006年CUDA、2008年BOINC GPUから継続、Bitcoinは2010年GPU、2011年FPGA、2013年Avalon ASIC初回出荷、Ethereumは2015年Ethash PoWから2022年9月15日のMerge、AIは2012年AlexNetから2025〜26年の企業AI開示へ進む。用途は重複し、線幅に数量の意味はない。", "en": "Four parallel lanes share one horizontal calendar scale for science and BOINC, Bitcoin, Ethereum, and AI. Science continues from CUDA in 2006 and BOINC GPU support in 2008; Bitcoin moves from GPUs in 2010 through FPGAs in 2011 to the first Avalon ASIC shipment in 2013; Ethereum spans Ethash proof of work in 2015 to the Merge on 15 September 2022; and AI runs from AlexNet in 2012 to company AI filings in 2025–26. Lanes overlap and their widths encode no quantity." } }, { "id": "figure:space-compute-evidence", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "space-compute-evidence", "caption": { "ja": "計算資源はすでに宇宙へ到達している。衛星上のedge AIとISS上のCOTS HPC・AIは実証され、shared orbital cloudはdemoや研究が進む。一方、Bitcoin miningやBOINC data centerを軌道上で商用運用した一次証拠は確認できない。将来構想は放射線、電力・質量budget、放熱、通信遅延・途絶の制約とともに読む。", "en": "Compute has already reached space: satellite edge AI and COTS HPC or AI experiments aboard the ISS are demonstrated, while shared orbital cloud computing remains at demo and study stages. No primary evidence was found of a commercial orbital Bitcoin-mining or BOINC data center. Future proposals must be read alongside radiation, power and mass budgets, heat rejection, and communication delay or disruption." }, "alt": { "ja": "四段階のevidence図。実証済み側にPhiSat-1の衛星onboard AIとSpaceborne Computer-2のISS COTS HPC・AI実験を置き、境界の右にESAなどのshared orbital cloud demo・研究、最右に配備証拠を確認できない軌道上Bitcoin miningとBOINC data centerを置く。下部に放射線、電力・質量budget、radiative cooling、通信遅延・途絶を列挙する。", "en": "A four-stage evidence diagram places PhiSat-1 satellite onboard AI and the Spaceborne Computer-2 COTS HPC and AI experiment on the demonstrated side. Across the boundary are shared orbital-cloud demos and studies, followed by orbital Bitcoin mining and BOINC data centers for which no deployment evidence was found. A footer lists radiation, power and mass budgets, radiative cooling, and communication delay or disruption." } }, { "id": "figure:distributed-history-timeline", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "distributed-history-timeline", "caption": { "ja": "分散システムの系譜は、ネットワーク接続だけでなく、出来事の順序、故障下の合意、大規模データ処理、公開参加型台帳という異なる課題を積み重ねてきた。Bitcoinはこの長い系譜の一地点にある。", "en": "Distributed-systems history accumulated distinct problems: networking, ordering events, agreement under faults, large-scale data processing, and open-membership ledgers. Bitcoin occupies one point in that longer lineage." }, "alt": { "ja": "1969年のARPANET、1978年の論理時計、1982年のByzantine問題、1985年のFLP、2004年のMapReduce、2008年のBitcoinを一本の時間軸で結ぶ分散システム史の図。", "en": "A distributed-systems timeline linking ARPANET in 1969, logical clocks in 1978, the Byzantine problem in 1982, FLP in 1985, MapReduce in 2004, and Bitcoin in 2008." } }, { "id": "figure:logical-time", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "logical-time", "caption": { "ja": "Lamportの論理時計は、同期した壁時計を仮定せず「どの出来事がどの出来事に影響し得たか」を整数で表す。値の大小だけから因果の逆向きは推定できず、同時進行の出来事も全順序へ便宜的に並べられる点に注意が要る。", "en": "Lamport clocks encode which events could have influenced others without assuming synchronized wall clocks. Numeric order alone does not establish the converse causal relation, and concurrent events may be placed into an arbitrary total order." }, "alt": { "ja": "Process AとBの2本の時間線。Aは送信時に論理時計を進めてstamp 2をメッセージへ付け、Bは受信時に自分の値とstampの最大値へ1を足して3へ更新する。通信経路のない別の2イベントは並行として示される。", "en": "Two process timelines show A incrementing its logical clock and sending a message stamped 2, then B updating on receipt with max of its value and the stamp plus one, yielding 3. Two other events without a communication edge are marked concurrent." } }, { "id": "figure:volunteer-computing-timeline", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "volunteer-computing-timeline", "caption": { "ja": "インターネット規模のボランティア計算は、GIMPSとdistributed.netの専用クライアントからSETI@homeの大衆参加を経て、複数研究が共用できるBOINC基盤へ発展した。SETI@homeの配布計算休止は、この分野全体の終了を意味しない。", "en": "Internet-scale volunteer computing evolved from project-specific GIMPS and distributed.net clients through SETI@home’s mass participation into BOINC, a reusable platform for many sciences. SETI@home hibernation did not end the wider field." }, "alt": { "ja": "1996年のGIMPS、1997年のdistributed.net、1999年のSETI@home公開、2002年のBOINC開発開始、2004年のBOINCプロジェクト運用、2020年のSETI@home配布計算休止を結ぶ年表。", "en": "A timeline connecting GIMPS in 1996, distributed.net in 1997, public SETI@home in 1999, BOINC development in 2002, live BOINC projects in 2004, and SETI@home work distribution hibernation in 2020." } }, { "id": "figure:seti-candidate-funnel", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "seti-candidate-funnel", "caption": { "ja": "SETI@homeの成果は「地球外知性を発見したか」という二択では測れない。膨大なfront-end検出を干渉除去と再評価で絞り、空位置と周波数帯で定義した候補を別の望遠鏡で追観測できる形にしたこと自体が、再現可能な科学パイプラインの成果である。", "en": "SETI@home cannot be judged only by whether it discovered extraterrestrial intelligence. Reducing billions of detections through interference removal and reranking into a follow-up list for other telescopes is itself a reproducible scientific result." }, "alt": { "ja": "約120億件のfront-end検出から始まり、信号処理と干渉除去、複数観測による候補の絞り込みを経て、空の位置と周波数帯で定義された約100候補の追観測へ至るSETI@home解析の漏斗図。", "en": "A SETI@home analysis funnel narrows roughly 12 billion front-end detections through interference removal and cross-observation ranking into about 100 follow-up targets defined by both sky position and frequency range." } }, { "id": "figure:boinc-workunit-lifecycle", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "boinc-workunit-lifecycle", "caption": { "ja": "BOINCは仕事を配るだけではない。生成、配布、参加端末での実行、結果検証、必要な再試行、正準結果の取り込みまでを一つのライフサイクルとして管理する。常に2台で同じ計算をするわけではなく、定足数は研究ごとに設計される。", "en": "BOINC does more than dispatch work. It manages generation, scheduling, execution on volunteer hosts, validation, retries when needed, and assimilation of a canonical result. It does not always duplicate every task twice; quorum policy is project-specific." }, "alt": { "ja": "Work generatorが仕事を生成し、schedulerが端末へ配布し、BOINC clientが計算結果を返し、validatorが定足数や再試行を判定し、assimilatorが正準結果を科学データベースへ取り込む5段階図。", "en": "A five-stage BOINC lifecycle: the work generator creates jobs, the scheduler dispatches them, volunteer BOINC clients compute and return results, the validator applies quorum or retries, and the assimilator writes canonical results to the science database." } }, { "id": "figure:volunteer-vs-mining", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "volunteer-vs-mining", "caption": { "ja": "ボランティア計算とマイニングは、仕事を小分けして多数の参加者へ配る外見が似ている。しかし前者の出力は科学結果、後者の出力はPoWによる台帳候補であり、正しさの検証、報酬、信頼モデルは別物である。プールのshareもBitcoin合意そのものではない。", "en": "Volunteer computing and mining look similar because both distribute small units of work. But one produces scientific results while the other proposes ledger history under proof of work; verification, incentives, and trust models differ. A pool share is not itself a Bitcoin consensus object." }, "alt": { "ja": "左に科学計算とBOINC、右にBitcoin miningを置いた比較図。共通点は仕事の分割と配布だが、目的、検証方法、報酬を各3項目で対比し、科学成果と台帳順序付けが異なることを示す。", "en": "A two-column comparison places science and BOINC on the left and Bitcoin mining on the right. It contrasts goal, validation, and reward while showing that distributed work is only a surface similarity between scientific output and ledger ordering." } }, { "id": "figure:primegrid-discovery-pipeline", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "primegrid-discovery-pipeline", "caption": { "ja": "PrimeGridは、数族から候補を作り、小さい因数をsieveで除き、PRP testで有望な候補を絞る。通常は別taskによる再計算で結果を照合するが、fast proof方式では長い主計算がproof dataを生成し、短いvalidation taskがそれを検証するため、full計算の複製を省ける場合がある。「常に2台で同じ計算」ではなく、証明とvalidationの設計を区別して読む必要がある。", "en": "PrimeGrid generates candidates from a number family, sieves out small factors, and uses a probable-prime test to isolate rare candidates. Results are normally checked by a separate task. In the fast-proof route, the long main run produces proof data and a short validation task verifies it, which can make a duplicate full computation unnecessary. The project therefore does not follow one universal “always run it twice” rule." }, "alt": { "ja": "PrimeGridの発見工程を示す分岐フロー。上段で「1 数族と候補」から「2 候補生成・sieve」を経て「3 PRP test」へ進む。素数らしい候補は、Aの長い主計算がproof dataを生成して短いtaskが検証し、full計算の複製を省ける経路と、Bの別task・別端末による独立照合の経路へ分かれる。両経路は式、桁数、発見情報を含む公開記録へ合流する。sieveやPRPだけでは検証済み発見ではないと注記する。", "en": "A branching PrimeGrid discovery flow. A number-family candidate passes through generation and sieving, then a probable-prime test. A rare candidate follows either route A, where the long main run produces proof data and a short task verifies it, potentially avoiding a duplicate full run, or route B, where a separate task on another host independently checks the result. Both routes converge on a public record of the form, digit count, and discovery data; a note says sieving or a PRP result alone is not a verified discovery." } }, { "id": "figure:prime-cryptography-boundary", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "prime-cryptography-boundary", "caption": { "ja": "新しい巨大素数は数論、探索algorithm、計算実装の検証を前進させるが、公開された一つの素数が既存暗号を直接強くしたり破ったりするわけではない。PrimeGridは候補Nの素数性、RSA攻撃は合成数nの因数、Bitcoin署名攻撃は楕円曲線の離散対数、miningはSHA-256dのtarget探索を問う。危険なのは汎用的に速い因数分解・離散対数algorithm、弱い鍵生成、または十分に大規模な誤り訂正量子計算である。", "en": "A new large prime advances number theory, search algorithms, and implementation testing, but one public prime does not directly harden or break deployed cryptography. PrimeGrid asks whether N is prime; an RSA attack seeks factors of a composite n; a Bitcoin signature attack seeks an elliptic-curve discrete logarithm; mining searches SHA-256d outputs below a target. Practical generic factoring or discrete-log algorithms, weak key generation, or a sufficiently large fault-tolerant quantum computer are the relevant boundaries." }, "alt": { "ja": "PrimeGrid、RSA、Bitcoin/ECC、SHA-256 mining、Shorの5行を比較する表。PrimeGridはNの素数性をsieve、PRP、proofで調べる。RSAはn=p×qから秘密のpとqを求め、Bitcoin/ECCはP=xGから秘密のxを求める。miningはheaderを変えてhashがtarget未満になる値を探すため素数探索ではない。Shorは十分な誤り訂正量子計算機上で因数分解と離散対数の境界を越え得るが、SHA-256への影響は同一ではない。巨大素数や既知のpatternだけでは秘密鍵を回収できないと明記する。", "en": "A five-row comparison of PrimeGrid, RSA, Bitcoin or ECC, SHA-256 mining, and Shor. PrimeGrid tests whether N is prime using sieving, probable-prime tests, and proofs. RSA factoring seeks secret p and q from n equals p times q, while an ECC attack seeks secret x from P equals xG. Mining varies a block header to find a hash below a target and is not a prime search. Shor can cross factoring and discrete-log boundaries on a sufficiently large fault-tolerant quantum computer, but does not affect SHA-256 in the same way. The heading states that large primes or known patterns do not themselves recover secret keys." } }, { "id": "figure:consensus-assumption-map", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "consensus-assumption-map", "caption": { "ja": "「分散合意」という一語の下でも、Paxos/Raftは既知メンバーのcrash fault、PBFTは既知レプリカのByzantine fault、Bitcoinは公開参加とSybil攻撃を含む環境を扱う。前提が違う方式を性能値だけで並べることはできない。", "en": "The label “distributed consensus” covers different problems: Paxos and Raft address crash faults among known members, PBFT addresses Byzantine faults among known replicas, and Bitcoin operates with open membership and Sybil resistance. Performance numbers are not comparable without assumptions." }, "alt": { "ja": "Paxos/Raft、PBFT、Bitcoin PoWを、参加者、故障仮定、選択条件、finalityの5列で比較する表。majority quorumと決定的finality、3f+1中f以下のByzantineおよび2f+1証明書、公開参加で資源・network仮定を置く最大累積PoWと確率的finalityを分けて示す。", "en": "A five-column matrix compares Paxos and Raft, PBFT, and Bitcoin proof of work by membership, fault assumption, selection rule, and finality: majority quorum with deterministic finality; at most f Byzantine replicas among 3f+1 with a 2f+1 certificate; and open membership with resource and network assumptions, most cumulative proof of work, and probabilistic finality." } }, { "id": "figure:blockchain-design-stack", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "blockchain-design-stack", "caption": { "ja": "ブロックチェーンは単独の技術ではなく、参加資格、Sybil耐性、発行時のデータ可用性、長期取得可能性、合意、状態モデル、実行環境、アプリケーションを組み合わせた設計である。各層の選択は上位層の保証と運用責任を変える。", "en": "A blockchain composes membership, Sybil resistance, data availability at publication, long-term retrievability, consensus, state, execution, and application choices. Each layer changes the guarantees and operational duties above it." }, "alt": { "ja": "下からネットワークと暗号、参加資格とSybil耐性、長期保存とretrievability、発行時のデータ可用性、合意とfinality、実行と状態、アプリケーションを積み上げた7層のブロックチェーン設計図。合意層を強調している。", "en": "A seven-layer blockchain design stack rises from networking and cryptography through membership and Sybil resistance, long-term storage and retrievability, data availability at publication, consensus and finality, execution and state, and the application. The consensus layer is emphasized." } }, { "id": "figure:wcg-history-timeline", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "wcg-history-timeline", "caption": { "ja": "WCGは2004年のIBMによる創設からBOINC統合を経て、2021年にKrembilへ法的移管され、2022年に運用をhandoffした。所有権移管と実システム移行を同じ日付にまとめないことが、継続史を正確に読む鍵になる。", "en": "WCG moved from its 2004 IBM launch through BOINC integration, legal transfer to Krembil in 2021, and an operational handoff in 2022. Separating ownership from system migration is essential to reading its continuity accurately." }, "alt": { "ja": "2004年11月16日のIBM創設、2005年のBOINC統合、2021年9月のKrembilへの法的移管、2022年2月から3月の運用handoff、2023年4月のfull restart、2026年8月の活動中3projectを結ぶ年表。2021年の所有権移管と2022年の運用移行が別の点として示される。", "en": "A timeline links IBM’s launch on 16 November 2004, BOINC integration in 2005, legal transfer to Krembil in September 2021, the operational handoff in February and March 2022, full restart in April 2023, and three active projects in August 2026. Ownership and operations appear as separate events." } }, { "id": "figure:wcg-research-pipeline", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "wcg-research-pipeline", "caption": { "ja": "WCGの役割はworkunit配布で終わらない。研究課題の分割、application審査と署名、参加端末での計算、validation、再試行、中央での集約を経て、研究者が解析し、必要に応じて実験して公開する。計算完了と科学的結論は別の段階である。", "en": "WCG does not stop at dispatching workunits. A research question is split, applications are reviewed and signed, volunteer hosts compute, outputs are validated or retried, and researchers aggregate, analyze, test where needed, and publish. Completed computation and scientific conclusion are different stages." }, "alt": { "ja": "左から、研究teamが問いを分割し、WCGがapplicationを審査・署名して配布し、参加端末が計算してuploadし、validatorが結果を照合して必要なら再試行し、研究teamが集約・解析して必要時に実験し公開する5段階の流れ。科学的主張の信頼性は後段解析、再現、査読で評価すると注記される。", "en": "A five-stage flow runs from researchers splitting a question, through WCG review, signing, and dispatch, volunteer computation and upload, validation with retries, and researcher aggregation, analysis, testing where needed, and publication. A note says analysis, replication, and review test the reliability of scientific claims." } }, { "id": "figure:wcg-validation-paths", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "wcg-validation-paths", "caption": { "ja": "WCGのvalidationは一律の二重計算ではない。同じ仕事を複数端末へ配る冗長方式と、信頼実績のある端末を無作為な複製で監査するsingle validationなどをapplication固有validatorと組み合わせる。どちらの方式でも、valid判定なら取り込みへ、不一致・期限切れ・数値差なら追加copyや再試行へ進み得る。", "en": "WCG validation is not one universal double-computation rule. Redundant copies and single validation on trusted devices with random replication audits feed application-specific validators. Either method can produce a valid result or trigger extra copies and retries after mismatches, deadlines, or numerical differences." }, "alt": { "ja": "一つのworkunitから、通常2台へ配って比較する冗長計算と、trusted device一台を無作為な複製で監査するsingle validationへ分岐する。両方式から、validまたはsanity check通過ならapplication固有validatorへ、不一致やtimeoutなら追加copy・再送へ進み、validated resultだけが取り込まれる。", "en": "One workunit branches into redundant computation on normally two hosts and single validation on a trusted device with random replication audits. From either method, valid outputs and passed sanity checks feed an application-specific validator, while mismatches or timeouts cause extra copies or retries; only validated output is assimilated." } }, { "id": "figure:wcg-project-portfolio", "type": "figure", "figure_id": "wcg-project-portfolio", "caption": { "ja": "2026年8月21日12:06 UTCの公式統計は、活動中3件、intermittentなBeta Testing 1枠、completed 29件、paused表示0件を示す。活動中3件は関節炎marker、Africaの降雨simulation、癌marker組合せを扱う。状態は変動するため観測時点と一緒に読む。", "en": "Official statistics at 12:06 UTC on 21 August 2026 show three active projects, one intermittent Beta Testing pool, 29 completed entries, and none listed as paused. The active work covers arthritis markers, African rainfall simulation, and cancer marker combinations; every status needs its observation time." }, "alt": { "ja": "上段にActive 3、Beta 1 intermittent、Completed 29、Paused 0の4カードが並ぶ。下段に活動中のMapping Arthritis Markers、Africa Rainfall Project、Mapping Cancer Markersと、それぞれ関節炎marker、1km級の降雨simulation、癌marker組合せという目的を表示し、2026年8月21日12時06分UTC時点と明記する。", "en": "Four status cards show Active 3, Beta 1 intermittent, Completed 29, and Paused 0. Below, the active projects are listed as Mapping Arthritis Markers, Africa Rainfall Project, and Mapping Cancer Markers, paired with arthritis markers, one-kilometer rainfall simulation, and cancer marker combinations, stamped 21 August 2026 at 12:06 UTC." } } ], "edges": [ { "id": "edge:1dd2dc475de080c99c7c", "source": "topic:computing-hardware", "target": "section:computing-hardware:scope", "type": "has_section" }, { "id": "edge:04aa956e69728ca19e1e", "source": "section:computing-hardware:scope", "target": "figure:computing-hardware-timeline", "type": "illustrated_by" }, { "id": "edge:e4028d4ba4803fbf59e9", "source": "topic:computing-hardware", "target": "section:computing-hardware:stored-program", "type": "has_section" }, { "id": "edge:96744ea1ed3b1accdfdc", "source": "topic:computing-hardware", "target": "section:computing-hardware:switches-to-silicon", "type": "has_section" }, { "id": "edge:0ea36b2c5fadbce4e596", "source": "topic:computing-hardware", "target": 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