# Bitcoin Library (bitcoin.ne.jp) — English

> A free, Bitcoin-centered educational library tracing computing from EDVAC through supercomputers; the CPUs, GPUs, and memory behind AI; quantum computing; evidence-bounded 2031 and 2036 computing-and-intelligence scenarios; distributed systems; volunteer computing; consensus; and blockchain design through to Bitcoin economics, institutions, and risks. 45 bilingual topics in 8 fields, supported by 42 code-native diagrams.

Operator-owned article text, original diagrams, and public data may be used for citation, summarization, indexing, search, RAG, machine analysis, and AI model training. When content is presented to readers, identify Bitcoin Library and the applicable canonical URL where technically practicable. Full terms: https://bitcoin.ne.jp/licenses#content-reuse. When citing, use the canonical URL (each topic page's <link rel="canonical">) and distinguish the originating evidence from this library's editorial synthesis.

This site does not sell, exchange, broker, intermediate, or act as an agent for crypto-asset transactions. Content is for educational and informational purposes only — not investment advice, a recommendation to buy or sell financial instruments, or legal advice.

## Bitcoin Reference / Citation Starting Point

- [/en](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en): The human-readable reference page for Bitcoin’s definition, origin, validation, issuance, privacy, and governance boundaries, with evidence beside every claim
- [/api/bitcoin.json](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/api/bitcoin.json): A concise, hashed JA/EN record with six stable claim IDs, boundaries, fragment URLs, and evidence roles. It is an editorial synthesis linked to primary records, not the historical or protocol primary source itself.

## Architecture Note

English lives at dedicated URLs under `/en` (for example `/en/learn/{slug}`). Every mirrored page is paired with its Japanese counterpart through `hreflang` (`ja`, `en`, and `x-default` pointing at the Japanese URL), and each page is self-canonical. Japanese is the primary language of the library: when versions disagree, the Japanese page is authoritative. Library context pages `/about`, `/editorial-policy`, `/references`, `/sources`, and `/value` have `/en` mirrors. `/privacy`, `/licenses`, `/contact`, and `/changelog` remain single URLs without `/en` mirrors.

## Topics (English) — 45 items

- [Computing Hardware: From von Neumann to the CPU, GPU, FPGA, and ASIC](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-hardware): From EDVAC and the transistor through Cell/B.E., CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs, and ASICs: a primary-source history of the PS3 Folding@home client, BOINC, Bitcoin mining, the companies, and the supply chain.
- [Supercomputing: Its History, Role, and the Next Five and Ten Years](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supercomputing): From ENIAC, CDC 6600, Cray-1, the Earth Simulator, Fugaku, and exascale to AI-HPC integration, hybrid quantum computing, and evidence-bounded scenarios for 2031 and 2036.
- [Why AI Needs GPUs and Memory: The Roles of CPUs, GPUs, and HBM](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ai-computing): How CPU latency, GPU throughput, RAM, VRAM, HBM, training state, inference, and the KV cache shape AI computers, and where computing goes next.
- [Can Quantum Computers Break Bitcoin? Qubits, Error Correction, and Cryptographic Migration](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/quantum-computing): A primary-source guide to qubits, Shor and Grover, error correction, Bitcoin signatures and SHA-256, public-key exposure, and draft BIP 360.
- [The Future of Computing and Intelligence: 2031, 2036, and an Agentic Society](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/computing-futures): Five- and ten-year computing scenarios with labeled confidence, why AI capability is task-specific while responsibility stays human, and what blockchain, identity, payments, and audit can and cannot do for AI agents.
- [Distributed Systems — History, Time, Failure, and Replication](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/distributed-systems): From ARPANET to logical clocks, Byzantine faults, FLP, CAP, and replicated state machines: the foundations that long predate blockchain.
- [Volunteer Computing — The History of SETI@home and BOINC](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/volunteer-computing): From GIMPS, SETI@home, and BOINC through PS3 Cell/Folding@home and NTT DATA cell computing Gene: how spare computing capacity became research infrastructure and managed grids.
- [PrimeGrid: Mapping Prime Numbers with Computers Worldwide](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/primegrid): PrimeGrid from its 2005 origins onward: BOINC searching, sieving, PRP tests, proofs, CPUs and GPUs, record primes and open conjectures, rankings, and the exact boundary with RSA, Bitcoin, and quantum computing.
- [The Social History of Compute — Credit, Crypto, AI, and Space](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/compute-economies): From BOINC points and team competition to Bitcoin and Ethereum rewards, AI demand, and computing in space: a primary-source account of who directed CPUs, GPUs, and electricity, and why.
- [World Community Grid — Citizen Computing for Science](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/world-community-grid): How WCG works, from its 2004 launch at IBM and its transfer to the Krembil Research Institute to BOINC work distribution, validation, medical and climate research, published results, and how it runs today.
- [Distributed Consensus — Paxos, Raft, PBFT, and Nakamoto Consensus](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/consensus): Compare distributed consensus by membership, fault model, synchrony, quorums, Sybil resistance, and finality, from Paxos and Raft to PBFT and Bitcoin.
- [History of Bitcoin](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/history): From cypherpunk ideals to a global financial asset. The complete record of Bitcoin's birth and evolution.
- [How Blockchain Works](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain): Blocks, hashes, consensus — an illustrated guide to the distributed ledger technology behind Bitcoin.
- [Blockchain Design — Ledger, State, Consensus, Execution, and Governance](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/blockchain-design): A primary-source guide that treats blockchain as a design space, combining membership, data models, consensus, finality, execution, data availability, oracles, and governance, rather than as one monolithic technology.
- [Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/satoshi): Who created Bitcoin? A neutral, evidence-based review of the leading Satoshi Nakamoto theories, their grounds, refutations, and current standing, plus the COPA v Wright ruling and how primary records are actually verified.
- [The Bitcoin Whitepaper, Section by Section](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/whitepaper): What does the Bitcoin whitepaper actually say? A section-by-section guide to Satoshi Nakamoto's nine-page 2008 paper, plus a neutral account of how today's implementation differs.
- [How Mining Works](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/mining): Proof of Work, difficulty adjustments, hardware evolution — the full picture of Bitcoin mining.
- [What is the Halving?](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/halving): A supply turning point every four years. The mechanism that underpins Bitcoin's scarcity.
- [Bitcoin Economics](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/economics): Fixed supply, digital gold, store of value — an analysis of Bitcoin's economic properties.
- [How Bitcoin Compares — Assets and Money, Neutrally](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/comparisons): Bitcoin set beside cash, bank deposits, gold, equities, Ethereum, stablecoins, CBDCs, and card payments — compared neutrally on issuance, backing, custody and transfer, protection schemes, and volatility (as of August 2026).
- [Acquiring and Disposing of Bitcoin — How It Works, Neutrally](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/acquire): Not where to buy, but how buying works and what to watch for. The full map of acquisition paths, the structural difference between dealer desks and order books, identity verification under Japan's anti-money-laundering law, how to verify registration with the FSA, the four distinct kinds of fees, selling and where taxation attaches, and the real position of offshore exchanges and DEXs. This site operates no exchange and carries no advertising or affiliate links. Regulatory descriptions current as of August 2026.
- [Wallets & Security](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/wallets): Wallets protect keys, not coins. Learn the difference between receiving addresses, private keys, and recovery phrases, then check custody and backup requirements.
- [Why Lost Bitcoin Cannot Be Recovered — Irreversibility Explained](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/irreversibility): No transaction reversal, no key reissuance, no public compensation. A beginner's guide to why Bitcoin is irreversible, how coins are lost, recovery scams, and practical defenses.
- [Bitcoin Scams — Tactics and How to Protect Yourself](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/scams): The scale of the damage as recorded by Japan's National Police Agency and consumer-affairs data, the mechanics of social-media investment and romance fraud, phishing and Ponzi schemes, how to verify operators against the FSA registry, and where to turn if you are victimized. Figures current as of August 2026.
- [Is Bitcoin Safe? What Is Protected and What Is Not](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/security): An answer hub for "is Bitcoin safe?" Separating the question into four layers (protocol, custody, counterparty, and institutional) and setting out, from primary sources, what 17-plus years of operation has protected and what it has never protected. Current as of August 2026.
- [Bitcoin Inheritance and Estate Planning](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/inheritance): Lose the keys and no one can move the coins — yet for tax purposes they are still property that can be taxed. Bitcoin inheritance lives at that intersection. A neutral walkthrough from primary sources: NTA valuation rules and carried-over cost basis, the Diet testimony that taxation applies even without the password, lifetime planning, technical options such as multisig and SLIP-39, exchange account procedures, and how other countries legislate digital estates.
- [Bitcoin's Controlled Supply](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/supply): The precise issuance plan approaching 21 million. Supply schedule, lost coins, and the final coin in 2140.
- [Bitcoin Myths & Facts](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/myths): Examining common misconceptions one by one. Understanding Bitcoin based on facts, not fear.
- [Bitcoin Glossary & Script Primer](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/glossary): Essential Bitcoin terminology and the Script language explained. From blocks and nodes to PoW, UTXO, and opcodes.
- [Privacy & Anonymity](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/privacy): Pseudonymity, chain analysis, and CoinJoin — the reality of Bitcoin privacy and how to protect it.
- [Lightning Network Primer](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/lightning): Bitcoin's "second layer." Payment channels, routing, and micropayments explained.
- [Paying with Bitcoin — The State of Payments](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/payments): How far can bitcoin actually be used to pay? On-chain versus Lightning, the registered counts verifiable on BTC Map for the world and for Japan, the lessons of El Salvador, the types of processors on the receiving side, stablecoins on Lightning, and the friction of volatility, taxation, and irreversible refunds — set out from primary sources, with no recommendations and no forecasts. Current as of August 2026.
- [Sending Bitcoin — From Receiving an Address to Confirming Arrival](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/sending): Understand BTC and sat, check the destination and network, calculate an example fee, and distinguish confirmation delays from service crediting. A practical pre-send checklist.
- [Transactions Deep Dive](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/transactions): The UTXO model, transaction structure, fees, and signature verification — the complete mechanics of Bitcoin transfers.
- [Incidents & Turning Points](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/incidents): Mt.Gox, Silk Road, The DAO, FTX: a record of the events that shaped Bitcoin.
- [Bitcoin ETFs & Institutional Adoption](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/etf): The January 2024 spot Bitcoin ETF approvals made BTC a standard institutional asset. This topic covers the path to approval, the market impact, and adoption by companies and governments.
- [Ordinals, Inscriptions & Runes](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/ordinals): A new movement for inscribing digital assets onto Bitcoin blocks: what Ordinals (2023) and Runes (2024) opened up, and the community argument they set off.
- [Regulation — Japan & the World](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/regulation): FSA oversight, the FIEA migration, U.S. FIT21 and CLARITY, EU MiCA, and the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve. Taxes are covered in the dedicated Bitcoin Taxes topic.
- [Bitcoin Taxes in Japan — Misc Income, the 2026 Reform, and Tax Filing](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/tax): Japan's crypto tax regime from primary sources: miscellaneous income under progressive taxation, taxable events, cost-basis calculation, filing in practice, and exactly what the 2026 reform (20.315% separate taxation, reclassification as capital gains) has settled, plus what still awaits a cabinet order.
- [Layer 2 & Scaling](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/layer2): Beyond Lightning: BitVM, Rootstock, Stacks, Babylon, and other Bitcoin Layer 2s, their design philosophies and their real-world progress.
- [Forks & Chain Divergence](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/forks): Bitcoin Cash, Bitcoin SV, and soft forks: the major schisms in Bitcoin's history and the philosophical battles over "immutability."
- [Running a Bitcoin Node — Verifying for Yourself](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/node): What is a Bitcoin full node? Why verifying for yourself matters, the differences between full/pruned/archival/SPV, storage and bandwidth needs, how Bitcoin Core setup works, the privacy implications, and the practical limits, explained neutrally.
- [Bitcoin Vulnerabilities — Attack Vectors and Real Bugs](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/vulnerabilities): A neutral examination of Bitcoin's weaknesses: the 2010 overflow bug, 51% attacks, network- and mining-layer attacks, quantum risk, and the user layer.
- [Criticisms of Bitcoin](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/criticisms): Monetary shortcomings, intrinsic value, wealth concentration, energy use, and speculative culture: the main criticisms of Bitcoin, examined neutrally and with sources.
- [Bitcoin Paradoxes — Contradictions Between Ideal and Reality](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn/paradoxes): A neutral examination of the distance between Bitcoin's stated ideals and its reality as of August 2026: mining concentration, custody, censorship resistance, governance, institutionalization, and the two faces of energy.

## BIP Library — 19 items

An index of Bitcoin Improvement Proposals for which this library maintains dedicated summaries. Status, Type, Author, and the assignment date shown on each page were transcribed from the preamble of the original document in the bips repository (verified 2026-08-17). Each page carries a summary, not a translation — the original is authoritative, and every page exposes it through isBasedOn and a direct link to github.com/bitcoin/bips. The index is deliberately not exhaustive: articles may link directly to other primary proposals, including drafts, while 19 core specifications have dedicated pages.

- [/en/bip](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip): Index of all 19 entries plus an introduction to what a BIP is
- [BIP 8 — Version bits with lock-in by height](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/8): Status Complete, Informational, assigned 2017-02-01
- [BIP 9 — Version bits with timeout and delay](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/9): Status Deployed, Informational, assigned 2015-10-04
- [BIP 32 — Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/32): Status Deployed, Informational / Applications, assigned 2012-02-11
- [BIP 34 — Block v2, Height in Coinbase](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/34): Status Deployed, Specification / Consensus (soft fork), assigned 2012-07-06
- [BIP 39 — Mnemonic code for generating deterministic keys](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/39): Status Deployed, Specification / Applications, assigned 2013-09-10
- [BIP 44 — Multi-Account Hierarchy for Deterministic Wallets](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/44): Status Deployed, Specification / Applications, assigned 2014-04-24
- [BIP 49 — Derivation scheme for P2WPKH-nested-in-P2SH based accounts](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/49): Status Deployed, Specification / Applications, assigned 2016-05-19
- [BIP 84 — Derivation scheme for P2WPKH based accounts](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/84): Status Deployed, Specification / Applications, assigned 2017-12-28
- [BIP 86 — Key Derivation for Single Key P2TR Outputs](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/86): Status Deployed, Specification / Applications, assigned 2021-06-22
- [BIP 125 — Opt-in Full Replace-by-Fee Signaling](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/125): Status Deployed, Specification / Applications, assigned 2015-12-04
- [BIP 141 — Segregated Witness (Consensus layer)](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/141): Status Deployed, Specification / Consensus (soft fork), assigned 2015-12-21
- [BIP 143 — Transaction Signature Verification for Version 0 Witness Program](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/143): Status Deployed, Specification / Consensus (soft fork), assigned 2016-01-03
- [BIP 144 — Segregated Witness (Peer Services)](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/144): Status Deployed, Specification / Peer Services, assigned 2016-01-08
- [BIP 173 — Base32 address format for native v0-16 witness outputs](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/173): Status Deployed, Informational / Applications, assigned 2017-03-20
- [BIP 174 — Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction Format](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/174): Status Deployed, Specification / Applications, assigned 2017-07-12
- [BIP 340 — Schnorr Signatures for secp256k1](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/340): Status Deployed, Specification, assigned 2020-01-19
- [BIP 341 — Taproot: SegWit version 1 spending rules](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/341): Status Deployed, Specification / Consensus (soft fork), assigned 2020-01-19
- [BIP 342 — Validation of Taproot Scripts](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/342): Status Deployed, Specification / Consensus (soft fork), assigned 2020-01-19
- [BIP 350 — Bech32m format for v1+ witness addresses](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip/350): Status Deployed, Specification / Applications, assigned 2020-12-16

## English Pages

- [/en](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en): Home — what Bitcoin is, featured topics, FAQ
- [/en/learn](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/learn): Learn hub — all 45 topics, grouped by curriculum category
- [/en/bip](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/bip): BIP index — 19 Bitcoin Improvement Proposals with measured metadata and summaries
- [/en/start](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/start): Getting started — four reading paths, including the distributed-technology roots, with reading times
- [/en/lab](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/lab): Verification lab — try SHA-256 and references between three blocks in the browser, with explicit boundaries between the learning model and Bitcoin validation and consensus
- [/en/lab/analysis](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/lab/analysis): Analysis of primes and SHA-256 — distinguish primality testing, factorization, and distribution; follow short proofs, prime-derived constants, and all 64 SHA-256 rounds for abc, with known results, open questions, and editorial interpretation clearly identified
- [/en/timeline](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/timeline): Computing, distributed systems, and Bitcoin timeline — from EDVAC and semiconductors through volunteer computing and blockchain to today
- [/en/now](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/now): Bitcoin Now — height, hashrate, fees, and halving countdown refreshed live every 60 seconds, retaining the last successful value or a dated weekly fallback when a source fails
- [/en/sources](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/sources): Sources & Research Index — every source cited by all 45 articles and the BIP index, deduplicated and searchable

## Site Policy

- [/en/about](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/about): Purpose / operator / non-trading declaration
- [/en/value](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/value): Library growth and transfer policy — registry-derived content counts, saved search metrics, owner-set asking-price status, and quarterly review policy and records. Not a market appraisal or completed sale. BTC exchange-rate movements are separate from website growth.
- [/en/editorial-policy](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/editorial-policy): Primary-source-first / neutrality / fact-checking / no price predictions / no advertising / update cadence / YMYL policy
- [/en/references](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/en/references): Primary-source index (distributed-systems papers / BOINC and SETI@home project records / NIST, Ethereum, and Hyperledger / Bitcoin whitepaper, BIPs, and Bitcoin Core / public authorities)
- [/changelog](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/changelog): Changelog — substantive post-publication changes (corrections, updated figures, revised descriptions) with dates and the article affected. Single URL with in-page JA/EN switching, no `/en` mirror
- [/contact](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/contact): Contact — where to report an error in an article (verified, then corrected and logged in the changelog), quoting and republishing enquiries, and security reports. Single URL, no `/en` mirror
- [/privacy](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/privacy): Privacy policy (cookies / external transmission disclosure). Japan-jurisdiction disclosure document — Japanese only, no `/en` mirror

## Related Resources

- [/llms.txt](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/llms.txt): Curated index (JA + EN)
- [/llms-full.txt](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/llms-full.txt): Full corpus, 45 topics × 2 languages = 90 article bodies concatenated
- [/api/articles.json](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/api/articles.json): Structured metadata, all 45 topics in JA + EN
- [/api/bitcoin.json](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/api/bitcoin.json): Concise Bitcoin claim, boundary, and evidence record with stable fragment URLs
- [/api/site-value.json](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/api/site-value.json): The same public growth aggregates and asking-price records as the growth and transfer page. Unset or unknown values are null, not zero. Search impressions are not page views; an asking price is not an independent appraisal.
- [/api/corpus.json](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/api/corpus.json): Hashed structured full text with sections, figure IDs, source IDs, and revisions in JA + EN
- [/api/graph.json](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/api/graph.json): Typed Topic / Section / BIP / Source / Figure knowledge graph
- [/api/search.json](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/api/search.json): Static cross-library index for articles, sections, terms, BIPs, timeline events, and sources
- [/api/recent.json](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/api/recent.json): Recently updated topics
- [/api/sources.json](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/api/sources.json): Machine-readable graph connecting external sources, articles, and BIP summaries
- [/api/schema.json](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/api/schema.json): JSON Schema catalogue for public data endpoints
- [/.well-known/bitcoin-library.json](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/.well-known/bitcoin-library.json): Discovery manifest for every human and machine entry point
- [/sitemap.xml](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/sitemap.xml): XML sitemap (158 URLs) covering self-canonical Japanese and English URL pairs
- [/feed.xml](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/feed.xml): Atom feed with English alternates and publication dates
- [/feed.json](https://bitcoin.ne.jp/feed.json): JSON Feed 1.1 with 90 Japanese and English representations

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Content last updated: 2026-09-16
Topic count: 45 (self-canonical EN pages under /en, hreflang-paired with self-canonical JA pages; x-default = JA)
Site: https://bitcoin.ne.jp